Wormmy unitt 3-4 (chap 4,5,6)

In what area of the colonies was life expectancy longest?

New England

Where were educational opportunities limited in North America?

was limited in areas where slavery was predominate

In what area of the colonies did women stand the best chance of inheriting property?

the Chesapeake

Describe the theory of mercantilism

development of rigorous trade and control of colonial commerce were essential for national power

1600s philosophers believed that

positive legislature could change human behavior and assure the continued progress of modern society

What did the Navigation Acts require

all goods imported into the colonies be carried by English-owned ships

The Catholic successor to Charles II of England who was overthrown in the Revolution of 1689 was

James II

Why did colonists object to the Dominion of New England?

it established an autocratic government without an elected assembly

Colonists in North America reacted to the Glorious Revolution by:

by overthrowing the governors of the Dominion of New England and Maryland

What did the 1691 charter for the colony of Massachusetts grant?

granted toleration to all Protestants

In the Salem Witch trials what accused people were not hung?

anyone who confessed

Describe the Salem witchcraft trials and their results

twenty people were executed either by hanging or by crushing.

What ended the witchcraft trials

the girls started accusing prominent people, such as the governor's wife, of witchcraft

What had most English colonies become in North America by the mid-1700s

royal colonies with oppionted governors and elected assemblies

What was the most successful Indian rebellion in American history?

The Pueblo Revolt in Spanish New Mexico

Describe what the French in the Great Lakes and Ohio River areas did to limit expansion of the Iroquois and British

supplied their Algonquian allies with weapons and alcohol

Major southern cash crops in the early 1700s

tobacco

The Immigrants saw __ as their favored destination because the region's expanding economies offered many opportunities.

the Mid-Atlantic colonies

What did the Molasses Act (1733) do

placed a prohibitive duty on foreign molasses

Benjamin Franklin's profession was as a

printer

What was Benjamin Franklin most famous for during his lifetime

most famous for his electrical experiments for which he received honorary degrees from Harvard, Yale, and other colleges.

Describe the Enlightenment

rejected religious fanaticism in favor of rational knowledge.

Georgia was founded originally as a refuge to

the poor

The most popular revivalist of the Great Awakening was

George Whitefield

Who all embraced George Whitefield and who did not?

all of the following except Anglicans

By the 1720s most colonial governments

included an appointed governor a council and elected assembly

By the 1720s every colony had an appointive governor except

Connecticut and Rhode Island

Colonial politics in the 18th century were characterized by the

the rise of the assembly and the decline of royal governors

Colonists usually viewed men who held positions of power as

potentially corrupt officials who if given the opportunity would undermine the liberty of the people

When the British fought the Spanish and French in the era 1740-1763 most slaves and eastern land Indians sympathized with

Spain and France

The largest slave revolt in the history of the thirteen colonies was

the Stono Rebellion

The war of Jenkin's Ear was fought between the

british and spanish

The Albany Congress refers to

the attempt to unite the british mainland colonies into a federation

What did Spain do for most of the Seven Years' War

Spain remained completely neutral and uninvolved

During the French and Indian War, British and American troops differed in that:

British troops were more formal and disciplined, while American troops were more informal and relied on irregular tactics.

What did not occurr as a result of the French and Indian War

spain ceded florida to britain

In the Peace of Paris (1763) the ended the French and Indian War, Britain

acquired all of North American east of Mississippi except for New Orleans

The Zenger Trial

Peter Zenger wrote bad about governer of new york, was brought to court for defamation, was ruled in his favor because he said true stuff and they had freedom of press

First Great Awakening

• Jonathan Edwards

  • hands of god

• Old lights: old religious people

  • Stuck to traditional church beliefs

• New lights: new ppl to religion

  • Adapted new ideas raised by great awakening

• Challenged puritans who were very traditional

Albany Plan of Union 1754

Benjamin Franklin had this idea to bring all colonists to unite to fight against French and indians

• Did not work because colonies wanted to stay autonomous

Seven Years War aka French and Indian War

• war mainly btw french and britain

• natives chose sides, some chose britain some chose french

• britain won, winning the territory of the area

Navigation Acts

To enforce mercantilism

• from 1650 on

• Said things like merch had to be set on english ships

• If you passed thru england you had to pay tax

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Native Americans rebellion against british forts bc of increased military presence in their land

• lead to peace negotiations

Proclamation of 1763

• said colonists cant go west of applachian mts

• to organize england’s american empire and to stabilize relations with natives

  • Because faced natives resistance after taking the territory

John Locke, natural rights

• made by john lock

  • said everyone deserves LIFE, LIBERTY, PROPERTY

Salutory Neglect

• loosely enforced trade regulations and kind of let colonial america govern themselves

  • britain at the time was concerned with conflicts in europe

  • allowed americans to selve govern and develop sense of independence

• significant bc when 1763 (salutory neglect ends) rolled around americans tried to resist british rule, setting stage for american revolution

Stamp Act

• tax on many things imposed in colonies e.g. paper, documents, newspaper

• angered americans bc “no taxation w/o representation”

• many protests and opposition of stamp act

Loyalists

• Govt officials/usually in some way related to british govt, in support of british rule

• abt 1/3 of american population

Samual Adams

• leader in american revolution and in british opposition

  • organized boston tea party

• later helped draft articles of confederation

Gaspee Incident

• British burned down a ship

  • because they were afraid of smuggling they burned it

Lexington and Concord

• place in massachussets where non-loyalists stored arms and weapons for fighting (the british) for independence

Battle of Lexington Concord (1775)

• first fight/military engagement of american revolution

• also known as “shot heard around the world”

• british went to confiscate arms at lexington concord, but locals (minutemen) fought back

• british retreated

Geurilla warfare

Strategy in war employed by native americans and some colonial americans when fighting british

John Brown

• Guy who believed that he was meant to stop slavery

  • Raided federal arsenal

Thomas Paine and Common Sense

• Common sense: a book encouraging american independence from britain

  • Partially encouraged fight for independence

Sons of Liberty

• organization for independence

• organization created that paraded through streets in late 1765 protesting stamp act

  • people in this organization were not very powerful but very followed by laborers

  • promoted protesting taxes

• partially caused stamp act to be repealed

Regulators

• a group of people from south carolina protesting that western colonial settlements were underrepresented and there needed to be local govts that could regularize land titles

• also ppl in north carolina who mobilized to try to fight for more representation

• battle of amalance: where regulators were put down by militia

Townshend Act

• Tax acts imposing taxes similar to stamp act

Townshend Crisis

• slow but steady opposition of townshend act that grew

Homespun Virtue

• resisting british imports by home-making clothes

  • women did this, known as “daughters of liberty”

• act of resistance

Boston Massacre

• British soldiers shot many american protesters protesting taxes

  • protesters were being violent and throwing stones

• protesters got killed

Paul Revere

• drew political cartoon of boston massacre portraying british soldiers brutally murdering innocent americans

  • misleading, but was on cover of newspaper

  • sparked outrage among americans

Bunker Hill fight (1775)

• one of key earliest battles of american revolution

• followed the lexington concord conflict

  • americans lost bc ran out of ammunition, but injured british badly

DOI (1776)

• basically stated “everyone” had natural rights

• stated independence from britain

England vs America

America:

• supported by french

• very passionate about cause and fighting for independence

• knew land better so had an advantage there

england:

just england

Battle of saratoga

• 1777

• americans won

  • this won formal french support

    • significant bc this french support got money and got them more success ykyk

Treaty of Paris

• negotiated by ben franklin, john adams, john jay to negotiate war end

• war ended, america independent

  • ENGLAND RECOGNIZED US INDEPENDENCE, which ended conflict

Impacts of Independence

• state constitutions banned lots of old european laws

• different ideas of what republicanism meant

• eliminated property requirement for voting

  • most states still did not have full democracy

• women played significant roles e.g. maintaining farms and businesses when men were fighting

  • basically broke some social standards

  • called for greater rights for women and more recognition

Articles of Confederation

• basically the ‘first version of constitution’

  • granted little power to federal govt (bc what happened w brits), stating that it could grant foreign policy, borrow money, make treaties

  • stated that govt:

    • unicamerial congress

    • no executive barnches

    • could not tax

Land Ordinances

• established principle that territories coud become states eventually w 60k residents

• made system for selling land in northwest

• set aside land for public education

Shay’s Rebellion

following american revolutoin, american economy was shit

• suffered postwar depression

• SHAY’s REBELLION (1786-87) where daniel shay lead poor farmers to revolt in mass

  • DEMANDED: lower taxes, paper money, no more debt imprisionment

• govt too weak to put rebellion down

• highlighted need for a stronger central govt…

→ lead to eventual redrafting of AOC

Annapolis Convention + Constitutional Convention

• states attend to discuss trade and commerce issues

• annapolis set the ground for the constitutional convention

• constitutional convention: recognized AOC made federal govt too weak and decentralized

• redraft

New Constitution

• new constitution, made stuff like

  • 3/5 compromise

• federalists: supported the new constitution and strong central government

• anti federalists: don’t support new constitution and stronger central government

• COME INTO EFFECT IN 1789 WHEN GEORGE WASHINGTON BECOMES PRESIDENT

some stuff in the constitution:

• separation of powers between 3 branches

• government is based on popular sovereignty

• set up national and state governments

Federalists and Anti-Federalists

• federalists preferred industrialism while antifederalists liked farming

• federalists wanted new constitution and stronger central govt, antifederalists did not

Indians and Blacks after Independence

• blacks were still viewed as inferior in like every single way (3/5)

• Indians viewed as intellectually equal to whites and could be incorporated into society but still faced lots of opposition

• americans wanted to expand westward, but indians inhabited that area

  • americans viewed them as savages, made them sign treaties for their land, pushing them further west

  • this pushing towards the west was very cruel towards indians

  • also were wards over this land, such as over ohio valley —> treaty of greenville 1795, gave land to americans

• made ANNUITY SYSTEM: yearly grants of money for tribes that let federal govt have control over them

  • many indians refused to assimilate into american society bc cultural differences

Hamilton’s Economic Plan

• aimed to establish credit worthiness

• assume debt

• create national bank

• increase tariffs to raise revenue

• raised tax on whiskey

• focus on industr

• represented federalists

Federalists and Democratic Republicans

demorepublicans: basically wanted the same things that antifederalists wanted

• agrarianism

• powerfuller state govt

while federalists watned

• powerfuller central govt

• industrialism

Jay’s Treaty

• treaty with britain

  • stop impressment of american soldiers (kidnapping them to work for the british navy)

George Washington

• first president under new constitution

Washington’s Farewell address

John Adams

Thomas Jefferson

Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)

A war fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. It shifted the blanace of imperial power in North America.

Pontiac's Rebellion

An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War caused by British expansion into the western Ohio Valley. Resulted in the creation of the Proclamation of 1763.

Proclamation of 1763

A law by the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains inorder to avoid further conflicts with native tribes. Was ignored by many colonists.

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights (life, liberty, property). Inspired the ideals in the Declaration of Independence.

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not have voting rights

Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty

Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements. Sometimes resorted to acts of violence to resist British laws.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that used reason and logic in his claim that the colonies had a right to be an independent nation. Had a significant impact on shifting public opinion towards independence.

Declaration of Independence

A document from the second Continental Congress asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain. Influenced ideals of equality and revolution around the world.

Benjamin Franklin

American printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. He was instrumental in the writing of the Albany Plan, the first American political cartoon, and securing French support in the American Revolution.

"Remember the Ladies"

in a letter written by Abigail Adams to John Adams in 1776, she wrote asking for him to make laws that would offer rights for women, not only men, protecting them against abusive and tyrannical men. Seen as an early step in American feminism.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children. Led to a greater movement to educate women in America.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti. Inspired by the ideals of the American Revolution.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America against Spanish rule. Inspired by the ideals of the American Revolution.

Articles of Confederation

Extremely weak first Constitution of the U.S. Formed out of fears of tyrrany from living under British rule.

Northwest Ordinances

Three laws (1784, 1785, 1787) that dealt with the sale of public lands in the Northwest Territory and established a plan for the admission of new states to the Union, all of which outlawed slavery.

Shay's Rebellion

A 1787 insurrection of ex-Revolutionary War soldiers in Massachusetts over taxes. The delay in putting down the rebellion highlighted the need for a strong national government.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Republicanism

A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws