chapitre 5 sophie Galler

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
full-widthCall with Kai
GameKnowt Play
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/31

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

32 Terms

1
New cards

Perspective maturationniste

Une théorie du développement qui met l'accent sur le rôle de la maturation biologique dans le développement moteur et perceptif. (biologique)

2
New cards

Théories behavioristes

Des théories du développement qui expliquent le comportement humain comme le résultat d'un apprentissage basé sur l'association stimulus-réponse.( environnement)

3
New cards

Théories interactionnistes

Des théories du développement qui reconnaissent le rôle réciproque de la biologie et de l'environnement dans le développement de l'enfant.

4
New cards

Théorie neuro-constructiviste

Une théorie du développement qui intègre la perspective de Piaget sur le développement des représentations mentales avec les données sur le fonctionnement cérébral.

le développement constitue une élaboration progressive de la complexité des représentations mentales au travers de processus liés à l’expérience, avec les données émergentes sur la nature du développement du fonctionnement cérébral.

Les principes de la théorie sont qu’il y aurait des interactions bidirectionnelles entre gènes, mécanismes cérébraux et environnement. La génétique influence le cerveau, le comportement, l’environnement, et chacune de ces composantes influence l’autre, et ce, à travers le développement. Ainsi, seule une analyse approfondie de l’ontogénèse est en mesure de mettre à jour la compréhension.

5
New cards

Annette Karmiloff-smith

 neuroscientifique du développement née à Londres. Elle a rencontré Piaget à la librairie des Nations Unies où elle suit son cours et fera un doctorat avec lui. Sous elle, les troubles du développement ne sont pas normal moins quelque chose de cassé mais plutôt comme des trajectoires de développement qui empruntent des chemins différents.

6
New cards

Core knowledge

La connaissance innée avec laquelle l'enfant naît.

7
New cards

Contraintes développementales

Les facteurs génétiques, cérébraux, corporels et sociaux qui influencent le développement cognitif.

8
New cards

Modularisation

L'idée que l'esprit comprend un certain nombre de modules spécialisés dans l'exécution de fonctions cognitives spécifiques.

Chaque module cérébral aurait été spécifié, ce qui expliquerait qu’il soit parfaitement adapté à une fonction spécifique et indépendante. Le cerveau est alors vu comme un couteau suisse.

9
New cards

Synaptogénèse

Le processus de formation de nouvelles connexions synaptiques dans le cerveau.

elle se fait au départ sous contrôle génétique. Cependant, par la suite, c’est par les stimulations environnementales que certaines synapses sont renforcées et d’autres inutilisés et éliminées. 

10
New cards

Réseaux fonctionnels

Des ensembles de régions cérébrales qui travaillent ensemble pour exécuter des fonctions spécifiques.

11
New cards

pourquoi le cerveau du nourrisson est plus actif que celui de l’adulte N?

 Chez l’enfant, plusieurs régions du cerveau s’activent pour une tâche alors que chez les adultes, même si le comportement est le même, l’activation corticale n’est pas la même ; ceci s’explique par le cerveau adulte qui est déjà mature et spécialisé.

Par exemple, le traitement des visages par le nourrissons est similaire en termes de comportement visible ; par contre, la réponse physiologique n’est pas la même. Le traitement cérébral des visages chez les bébés ne montre pas de spécialisation pour les visages présentés à l’endroit ; l’orientation du visage n’influence que à la suite dans le développement

Ces résultats suggèrent qu’il y a un processus de spécialisation progressive cortical des systèmes de traitement du visage au cours du développement.

12
New cards

Comment le cerveau construit la cognition ?

En quelques mots, il le fait en interaction avec l’environnement. Cependant, c’est selon certaines contraintes :

  • La fonction est centrale aux facteurs qui influencent l’émergence des représentations mentales au cours du développement pré et post-natal

  • Les représentations sont définies comme des patterns d’activation neuronales

  • Le développement de ces patterns neuronaux est fortement contraint par des facteurs intrinsèques et extrinsèques propres à l’individu en développement.

La trajectoire du développement cognitif apparait alors dans un contexte de contraintes développementales.

Ces contraintes précitées se retrouvent à plusieurs niveaux :

  • Un niveau génétique et cellulaire

  • Un niveau cérébral

  • Un niveau corporel

  • Un niveau social

13
New cards

Contraintes génétiques et cellulaires

Les interactions entre les gènes, les cellules et l'environnement qui influencent le développement cérébral.

  • L'activité des gènes est régulée par l'environnement interne et externe

  • Le contexte peut influencer l'expression des gènes

  • Les interactions moléculaires avec les cellules voisines influencent le développement d'une cellule isolée

  • Les cellules se spécialisent et forment des réseaux grâce à l'activité neuronale spontanée et au feedback environnemental

  • Les réseaux sont modifiés par l'expérience et soutiennent les représentations de l'expérience.

14
New cards

Contraintes cérébrales

Les interactions entre les différentes régions du cerveau qui façonnent le développement cérébral.

  • Le développement cérébral est lié au développement des régions du cerveau.

  • Les régions du cerveau interagissent pendant le développement.

  • Les régions s'ajustent à leurs fonctions en fonction de l'expérience.

  • Certaines régions deviennent plus fortement connectées en raison de leur histoire et de leur activation simultanée.

  • L'étude de Kelly et al (2009) a examiné le développement de 5 réseaux fonctionnels.

  • Les réseaux sont plus diffus chez l'enfant et se localisent avec l'âge.

15
New cards

Contraintes corporelles

Les contraintes imposées par le corps de l'enfant qui influencent le développement cérébral.

  • Le corps de l'enfant est essentiel pour explorer son environnement

  • L'environnement influence le développement cérébral de l'enfant grâce au corps

  • Les organes sensoriels déterminent nos représentations

  • Certaines contraintes corporelles persistent, d'autres changent au cours du développement

  • Pendant les premiers mois de la vie, l'acuité visuelle et le contrôle moteur sont limités

  • La mobilité se développe avec l'âge, permettant des expériences plus complexes

  • L'augmentation de l'étendue des expériences accroît la complexité des représentations du monde.

16
New cards

Contraintes sociales

Les expériences et l'information provenant de l'environnement social qui influencent le développement cérébral.

  • Les expériences et l'information de l'enfant proviennent de son environnement social

  • La famille proche est le premier environnement social de l'enfant

  • L'environnement social de l'enfant s'élargit avec le temps

  • Les contraintes sociales jouent un rôle important dans le développement de l'enfant

  • Trois mécanismes façonnent l'émergence de nouvelles représentations : compétition, coopération et chronotopie

  • Les représentations minimales stables se forment grâce au mécanisme de compétition

  • Le mécanisme de coopération permet d'intégrer des connaissances préexistantes

  • Le mécanisme de chronotopie intègre les événements dans les représentations

  • Les trajectoires développementales sont déterminées par les contraintes sur la construction des représentations mentales

  • Le développement d'un enfant atteint d'un handicap est influencé par ses contraintes handicapantes

17
New cards

Mécanisme de compétition

Un mécanisme par lequel les composants d'un système se spécialisent dans différents aspects du processus cognitif  ce qui permet la constitution de représentations minimales stables

18
New cards

Mécanisme de coopération

Un mécanisme par lequel des composants distincts sont intégrés pour réutiliser des connaissances préexistantes et augmenter l'efficacité globale.

19
New cards

Mécanisme de chronotopie

Un mécanisme par lequel les événements sont intégrés dans les représentations en fonction de leur contexte temporel et spatial.

20
New cards

Développement atypique

Un développement qui diffère du développement typique en raison de déficiences développementales.

  • Le cerveau se développe comme un tout dès l'embryogénèse

  • Les enfants atteints de troubles génétiques n'ont pas un ensemble disparate de modules cognitifs bien ségrégés

  • La théorie neuro-constructiviste postule que les déficiences développementales existent depuis l'embryogénèse

  • Les déficiences se diffusent dans l'ensemble du cerveau avec le temps

  • Le développement atypique n'est pas tout fonctionnel intacte

  • Les chercheurs doivent rechercher des effets au-delà du comportement manifeste

  • Les comportements réussis peuvent être atteints par les mêmes processus cognitifs sous-jacents que dans le développement normal

21
New cards

Syndrome de Williams

Un trouble développemental neuronal caractérisé par un effacement de gènes sur le chromosome 7, entraînant des anomalies physiques, un retard mental et des caractéristiques comportementales particulières.

montrent que les processus cognitifs et électrophysiologiques de ces patients sont différents, remettant en cause cette similarité.

22
New cards

Analyse rapide des relations spatiales

Le cerveau analyse rapidement les relations spatiales entre les éléments du visage, mais le visage est traité holistiquement.

23
New cards

Traitement des visages dans le SW

Dans le syndrome de Williams, la reconnaissance des visages se fait en termes de traits et les personnes se concentrent sur les éléments faciaux traités de manière séparée.

de plus, ils ont plus de chances d’utiliser l’hémisphère gauche pour le traitement des visages, alors que c’est usuellement le droit qui prédomine, ils traitent les visages de la même façon indépendamment de la direction du visage (à l’endroit ou à l’envers), et le traitement est plus lent, plus tardif et avec un potentiel évoqué moins ample.

24
New cards

Trouble développemental du langage (TDL)

Le TDL concerne l'élaboration du langage oral et entraîne des troubles importants dans la compréhension et l'expression du langage parlé.

Ce n’est pas un trouble à causes biomédicales, il émerge dans le développement.

On ne peut plus juste parler de TDL, mais plutôt d’un trouble préjudiciable au langage parlé ou écrit, et qui donne également d’autres problèmes dans d’autres domaines.

25
New cards

Différence entre TDL et retard de langage

Le TDL est un trouble sévère et persistant, qui ne peut pas être résolu par la rééducation, contrairement au retard de langage qui revient à la norme.

26
New cards

Déficit du contrôle moteur

Les personnes ayant des déficits de langage comme le TDL ou la dyslexie présentent souvent une déficience (quoique moindre) du contrôle moteur, par exemple de l'équilibre.

27
New cards

Études longitudinales

Les études longitudinales permettent de suivre un même groupe d'enfants à travers les mois ou années pour observer les changements développementaux.

Tester répétitivement un même groupe d’enfant à travers les mois ou années permet de rendre compte de tout changement développemental.

28
New cards

Training studies

Les training studies étudient les changements cérébraux induits par des entraînements dans une fonction spécifique, permettant de comprendre l'impact de cet apprentissage sur le cerveau.

29
New cards

Approche dynamique du développement

Pour comprendre les changements progressifs dans le cerveau, il faut adopter une approche dynamique à plusieurs niveaux, incluant l'épigénétique, la structure et la fonction cérébrale, la connectivité du réseau, la cognition, le comportement et l'environnement.

30
New cards

Théorie neuro-constructiviste

La théorie neuro-constructiviste réconcilie les approches centrées sur les facteurs biologiques et environnementaux dans l'étude du développement des fonctions cognitives.

31
New cards

Déficiences diffuses dans les troubles développementaux

Les troubles développementaux ne devraient pas être compris comme une simple anomalie, mais plutôt comme une trajectoire de développement différente avec des déficiences diffuses.

32
New cards

Étude des processus cognitifs sous-jacents

Il est important de rechercher des effets au-delà du comportement manifeste et de se demander si un comportement réussi est atteint par les mêmes processus cognitifs sous-jacents que dans le développement normal.

Explore top notes

Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 364d ago
note Note
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 364d ago
note Note