physiology final 2.0

password

alec

What is the funtion of muscle tissue

contraction

The skeltal muscle cell is called a

muscle fiber

group of muscle fibers is called a

fasicle

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called

sarcolemma

The endomysium is the layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the

muscle fiber

Which connective tissue layer in the muscle contains the blood vessels and nerves

perimysium

Which structure in a muscle fiber stores calcium

sarcoplasmic reticulum

This line separates one sarcomere from another

z disc

The line that connects the thick filament

m line

The area of the sarcomere where there is only thin filaments

I band

When calcium binds to troponin, troponin changes the shape removing____ from the active binding sites of actin

tropomyosin

For relaxation to occur

sarcoplasm calcium levels fall calcium is removed from troponin and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin

A power stroke involved

a myosin head polling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere

When myosin breaks down the ATP into ADP and Phosphate, it causes the myosin to do what

stretch

At the end of the power stroke, if calcium stays bound to troponin

cross bridging continues

The muscle fiber type that is used for speed and strength

fast twitch (fast glycolytic)

the muscle fiber type that is used for endurance

slow twitch

The muscle fiber type that uses aerobic repiration

slow twitch

In the creatine phosphate pathway, ____ creates and ATP from and ADP and creatine phosphate molecule

creatine kinase

Which of the following describes the set up of actin and myosin in smooth muscle

lined along intermediate filaments and anchored in dense plaques

Due to ___ smooth muscle is fatigue resistant

latch bridging

Which of the following causes skeletal muscle to fatigue out

Running out of Atp, neuron running out of ach
an increase in phosphate

How would calcium play a role in skeletal muscle fatigue

the neuron can not release the neurotransmitter without calcium

___ produces osteoid

osteoblast

___. maintains the bone matrix

osteocyte

___ breaks down the bone matrix

osteoclast

What is the structural unit of spongy bone

trabeculae

What is the structural unit of compact bone

osteon

The shaft of a long bone is called the ___

Diaphysis

The medullary cavity is filled with

yellow bone marrow

The part of the osteon where the blood vessels and nerves are found

central canal

The part of the compact bone that fills in the spaces left between the osteon

intersitital lamellae

____- ossification forms flat bones, where as____ossification forms long bones

Intramembranous, endochondral

When a bone grows in length it is called

interstitial growth

____ the area where chondrocytes quit dividing and begin to enlarge

Zone of hypertrophic cartlige

___ secures the epiphysis to the epiphyseal plate,looks like normal hyaline cartlage

zone of resting cartilage

___ minerals are deposited in the matrix, appears opague

zone of calcified cartilage

____ chondrocytes undergo rapid mitotic division

zone of the proliferating cartilage

___ walls break down between lacunae and osteoprogenitor cells form the medullary cavity migrate in and become osteocytes

Zone of ossification

When normal stress is applied to an abnormal bone, it can break. when the bone is abnormal or weakened by disease it is called a ___ fracture

pathologic

the rings of osteoid that encircle the central canal

lamella

The chondrocytes can be found in _____ within the cartilage

lacunae

In resorption which cell type releases digestive enzymes

Osteoclast

nodal cells are specialized cells that are found in the____

SA nod

to increase heart rate and decreased blood pressure, ____ is released

norepinephrine

after threshold is met in nodal cells, what channels open?

voltage gated Ca++

why does AV node hold onto action potential for a brief second before letting it enter the ventricles?

to make sure ventricles are relaxed so they can fill up

what delivers the action potential to cardiac muscle in ventricular walls?

the purkinje fibers

what represents atria contraction?

P

for the complex that's labeled QRS, what valves are open?

pulmonary and aortic (Semilunar)

which chambers are relaxed at T?

atria

what affects resistance of blood flow?

blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel diameter

what is the receptor for epinephrine (responsible for vasodialation)?

beta 2

what does norepinephrine cause in heart muscle?

increase in strength of contraction

what increases the sensitivity of the nodal cells to norepinephrine and epinephrine?

thyroid hormone

what two things can you do to decrease blood pressure?

cardiac output and resistance

what is the pulmonary ventilation stage of respiration dependent on?

pressure differences between atmospheric pressure and pressure inside lungs

during inspiration, ribs move ____ and ____

up and out

during expiration, the diaphragm moves ____

up

space for conducting airflow is _____

anatomical dead space

what is tidal volume?

amount of air in one breath

what is used to measure compliance?

inspiratory reserve volume

what increases the sensitivity of the nodal cells to norepinephrine and epinephrine?

Thyroid hormone (postive chronotropic)

in alveoli gas exchange, partial pressure of carbon dioxide drives movement in which direction?

capillaries to alveoli

what is the definition of cooperative binding effects?

if an oxygen binds to hemoglobin, it makes it easier for other oxygen's to bind

what is the main way carbon dioxide is transported in blood?

bicarbonate

in systemic gas exchange, partial pressure for carbon dioxide drives the flow of carbon dioxide in what direction?

into the capillary

in systemic gas exchange, partial pressure for oxygen drives the flow of oxygen in what direction?

into tissue

peripheral chemoreceptors monitor ___ in the blood

carbon dioxide, Hydrogen, O2

where is the depth of breathing controlled?

anterior medulla

what is the average rate of breaths per minute in persons with eupnea?

12-15

what is the ability of bronchioles to regulate airflow and arterioles to regulate blood flow in the lungs?

ventilation-profusion coupling

where does blood flow after it leaves the right ventricle?

pulmonary trunk

after voltage gated calcium channels open in nodal cells, what channels open next?

voltage gated potassium

for air to enter the lungs, pressure must be ___ than atmospheric pressure

lower

in alveoli gas exchange, partial pressure of oxygen is higher in ___

alveoli

what is the basic unit of life?

the cell

when an unequal sharing of electrons occurs in a molecule, it makes one end slightly positive and the other slightly negative. this molecule would be said to be ______?

polar

when looking at the pH scale, which range is considered neutral?

6-8

when dissolved in water, ____ give off hydrogen ions

acid

transitional epithelium is found primarily in the _____

urinary bladder

what is the ground substance in blood called?

plasma

the predominate cell type in areolar tissue is______

fibroblast

where can elastic cartilage be found?

the ear

what is the formed element in blood that is the red blood cell?

erythrocyte

_____ epithelial tissue can be found where you have a callus.

stratified squamous keratinized

epithelial tissue is said to be polar because...

it has two distinct surfaces, basal and apical

match the neurolemma with the type of channel: contains voltage gated calcium channels

transmissive

match the neurolemma with the type of channel: the axon hillock that contains sodium and potassium voltage gated channels

initial

match the neurolemma with the type of channel: the area where there are no voltage gated channels, only chemically gated channels

receptive

match the neurolemma with the type of channel: the axon where there are sodium and potassium voltage gated channels

conducting

in the plasma membrane of a neuron, which segment produces only graded potentials?

receptive

what event stimulates the release of the synaptic vesicle?

voltage gated Ca+ channels opening up to allow Ca+ into the transmissive segment

what is a graded potential?

a small, localized change in the resting membrane potential

what does the neurotransmitter bind to?

post synaptic membrane

which type of neuron would you find in the retina of the eye?

bipolar

sensory/afferent neurons mostly what type of neuron?

unipolar

what event must happen before an action potential can be generated?

threshold must be met

free amino acids are dependent upon ____ for absorption into the endothelial cells.

Sodium