Anth 102: Exam 2 Part II

what do humans share with

homologous and analogous features

what are the characteristics of primates

1. grasping hands and feet: opposable thumb and big toe
2. digits with nails and fingertips (no claws)
3. reduced sense of smell: short snouts and small olfactory bulb
4. well-developed visual sense: orbital convergence and frontation
5. postorbital bar (PO Bar) or postorbital closure (PO Closure)


1. non-primate mammals have no postorbital protection
6. large complex brains relative to body size
7. heterodont dentition with unspecialized molars


1. 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars
8. small litters
9. long gestation and juvenile periods
10. social

what is catarrhine dental formula

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars

strepsirhines

lemurs, lorises, and galagos (bush babies)

haplorhines

tarsiers, NWM, OWM, apes, humans

which primates have postorbital closure

haplorhines

which primates have postorbital bar

strepsirhines

what are prosimians

strepsirhines

what are anthropoids

haplorhines

what are the two superfamilies of haplorhines

platyrrhines and catarrhines

platyrrhines

NWM

catarrhines

apes and humans (hominoids), cercopithecoids (OWM)

what are the characteristics of strepsirhines

* relatively small brains
* wet noses (rhinarium)
* greater reliance on smell
* many are nocturnal
* many lack color vision
* tooth comb for grooming, themselves and each other
* postorbital bar

what are the diets of strepsirhines

frugivores, folivores, plant gum and insects

where are lorises located

Southeast Asia

where are galagos located

Sub-Saharian Africa

what are lorises locomotion

slow and cautious, climbing form of quardupedalism

what are galagos locomotion

vertical clinging and leaping (VCL)

where are lemurs located

Madagascar

what are lemurs locomotion

primarily arboreal except for ring-tailed lemur (quadrupedal) and sifakas and indris (VCL)

what are lemurs pattern of behavior

in their smaller forms, they are nocturnal, and in their larger forms, they are diurnal

what are tarsiers

haplorhine primates

what kind of postorbital protection do tarsiers have

postorbital plates

where are tarsiers located

Southeast Asia (forest)

where are platyrrhines (NWM) located

Central and South America

what are the locomotion of platyrrhines

arboreal quadrupeds (cebids) and arboreal brachiators (atelids)

where are cercopithecoids (OWM) located

Asia, Africa, Middle East

what kind of teeth do cercopithecoids have

bilophodont teeth

siamangs and gibbons

* true brachiators


* frugivores (fruit eaters)
* monogamous with Extra Pair Copulations (cheaters)
* located: Southeast Asian Forest
* 6-12 kg
* long arms, curved fingers

orangutan (great apes)

* 50-100kg sexual dimorphism
* solitary to avoid food competition
* quadrumanous locomotion (“four-handed locomotion)
* frugivores with some barks and leaves

what is the species name for orangutans

Pongo pygmaeus

gorilla (great apes)

* 100-250 kg sexual dimorphism


* 1 male-multifemale
* knucklewalkers
* folivores (leaf eaters with some fruits)
* placid and quiet

what is the species name for gorillas

Gorilla gorilla

chimpanzee (great apes)

* 40-50kg sexual dimorphism
* multimale-multifemale with fission fusion
* split into temporary subgroups and regroup after
* frugivores
* very aggressive

what is the species name for chimpanzees

Pan troglodytes

bonobo

* 40-50kg sexual dimorphism
* shorter than chimps, less robust
* multimale-multifemale with fission fussion
* knucklewalkers
* frugivores
* sex to alleviate tensions
* males with males, females with females, young with old, etc.

what is the species name for bonobos

Pan paniscus

arboreal quadrupedalism

forelimbs are shorter than the hindlimds

* long tails for balance

terrestrial quadrupedalism

forelimbs equal the size or longer than the hindlimbs

* shorter tails (no tails for apes)

vertical clinging and leaping (VCL)

large tarsal bones

* large digits to grab branches

quadrumanous locomotion

four-handed locomotion

brachiation

extremely long and muscular forelimbs

* slender hindlimbs

bipedalism

free hands to transport objects

* multiple skeletal modifications (cranium, vertebral column, pelvis, femur, tibia, foot, big toe)