Studied by 0 peoplewhat do humans share with
homologous and analogous features
what are the characteristics of primates
grasping hands and feet: opposable thumb and big toe
digits with nails and fingertips (no claws)
reduced sense of smell: short snouts and small olfactory bulb
well-developed visual sense: orbital convergence and frontation
postorbital bar (PO Bar) or postorbital closure (PO Closure)
non-primate mammals have no postorbital protection
large complex brains relative to body size
heterodont dentition with unspecialized molars
2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars
small litters
long gestation and juvenile periods
social
what is catarrhine dental formula
2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars
strepsirhines
lemurs, lorises, and galagos (bush babies)
haplorhines
tarsiers, NWM, OWM, apes, humans
which primates have postorbital closure
haplorhines
which primates have postorbital bar
strepsirhines
what are prosimians
strepsirhines
what are anthropoids
haplorhines
what are the two superfamilies of haplorhines
platyrrhines and catarrhines
platyrrhines
NWM
catarrhines
apes and humans (hominoids), cercopithecoids (OWM)
what are the characteristics of strepsirhines
relatively small brains
wet noses (rhinarium)
greater reliance on smell
many are nocturnal
many lack color vision
tooth comb for grooming, themselves and each other
postorbital bar
what are the diets of strepsirhines
frugivores, folivores, plant gum and insects
where are lorises located
Southeast Asia
where are galagos located
Sub-Saharian Africa
what are lorises locomotion
slow and cautious, climbing form of quardupedalism
what are galagos locomotion
vertical clinging and leaping (VCL)
where are lemurs located
Madagascar
what are lemurs locomotion
primarily arboreal except for ring-tailed lemur (quadrupedal) and sifakas and indris (VCL)
what are lemurs pattern of behavior
in their smaller forms, they are nocturnal, and in their larger forms, they are diurnal
what are tarsiers
haplorhine primates
what kind of postorbital protection do tarsiers have
postorbital plates
where are tarsiers located
Southeast Asia (forest)
where are platyrrhines (NWM) located
Central and South America
what are the locomotion of platyrrhines
arboreal quadrupeds (cebids) and arboreal brachiators (atelids)
where are cercopithecoids (OWM) located
Asia, Africa, Middle East
what kind of teeth do cercopithecoids have
bilophodont teeth
siamangs and gibbons
true brachiators
frugivores (fruit eaters)
monogamous with Extra Pair Copulations (cheaters)
located: Southeast Asian Forest
6-12 kg
long arms, curved fingers
orangutan (great apes)
50-100kg sexual dimorphism
solitary to avoid food competition
quadrumanous locomotion (“four-handed locomotion)
frugivores with some barks and leaves
what is the species name for orangutans
Pongo pygmaeus
gorilla (great apes)
100-250 kg sexual dimorphism
1 male-multifemale
knucklewalkers
folivores (leaf eaters with some fruits)
placid and quiet
what is the species name for gorillas
Gorilla gorilla
chimpanzee (great apes)
40-50kg sexual dimorphism
multimale-multifemale with fission fusion
split into temporary subgroups and regroup after
frugivores
very aggressive
what is the species name for chimpanzees
Pan troglodytes
bonobo
40-50kg sexual dimorphism
shorter than chimps, less robust
multimale-multifemale with fission fussion
knucklewalkers
frugivores
sex to alleviate tensions
males with males, females with females, young with old, etc.
what is the species name for bonobos
Pan paniscus
arboreal quadrupedalism
forelimbs are shorter than the hindlimds
long tails for balance
terrestrial quadrupedalism
forelimbs equal the size or longer than the hindlimbs
shorter tails (no tails for apes)
vertical clinging and leaping (VCL)
large tarsal bones
large digits to grab branches
quadrumanous locomotion
four-handed locomotion
brachiation
extremely long and muscular forelimbs
slender hindlimbs
bipedalism
free hands to transport objects
multiple skeletal modifications (cranium, vertebral column, pelvis, femur, tibia, foot, big toe)
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