Anth 102: Exam 2 Part II

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43 Terms

1
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what do humans share with

homologous and analogous features

2
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what are the characteristics of primates

  1. grasping hands and feet: opposable thumb and big toe

  2. digits with nails and fingertips (no claws)

  3. reduced sense of smell: short snouts and small olfactory bulb

  4. well-developed visual sense: orbital convergence and frontation

  5. postorbital bar (PO Bar) or postorbital closure (PO Closure)

    1. non-primate mammals have no postorbital protection
  6. large complex brains relative to body size

  7. heterodont dentition with unspecialized molars

    1. 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars
  8. small litters

  9. long gestation and juvenile periods

    1. social
3
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what is catarrhine dental formula

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars

4
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strepsirhines

lemurs, lorises, and galagos (bush babies)

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haplorhines

tarsiers, NWM, OWM, apes, humans

6
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which primates have postorbital closure

haplorhines

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which primates have postorbital bar

strepsirhines

8
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what are prosimians

strepsirhines

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what are anthropoids

haplorhines

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what are the two superfamilies of haplorhines

platyrrhines and catarrhines

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platyrrhines

NWM

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catarrhines

apes and humans (hominoids), cercopithecoids (OWM)

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what are the characteristics of strepsirhines

  • relatively small brains
  • wet noses (rhinarium)
  • greater reliance on smell
  • many are nocturnal
  • many lack color vision
  • tooth comb for grooming, themselves and each other
  • postorbital bar
14
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what are the diets of strepsirhines

frugivores, folivores, plant gum and insects

15
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where are lorises located

Southeast Asia

16
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where are galagos located

Sub-Saharian Africa

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what are lorises locomotion

slow and cautious, climbing form of quardupedalism

18
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what are galagos locomotion

vertical clinging and leaping (VCL)

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where are lemurs located

Madagascar

20
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what are lemurs locomotion

primarily arboreal except for ring-tailed lemur (quadrupedal) and sifakas and indris (VCL)

21
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what are lemurs pattern of behavior

in their smaller forms, they are nocturnal, and in their larger forms, they are diurnal

22
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what are tarsiers

haplorhine primates

23
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what kind of postorbital protection do tarsiers have

postorbital plates

24
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where are tarsiers located

Southeast Asia (forest)

25
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where are platyrrhines (NWM) located

Central and South America

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what are the locomotion of platyrrhines

arboreal quadrupeds (cebids) and arboreal brachiators (atelids)

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where are cercopithecoids (OWM) located

Asia, Africa, Middle East

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what kind of teeth do cercopithecoids have

bilophodont teeth

29
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siamangs and gibbons

  • true brachiators

  • frugivores (fruit eaters)

  • monogamous with Extra Pair Copulations (cheaters)

  • located: Southeast Asian Forest

  • 6-12 kg

  • long arms, curved fingers

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orangutan (great apes)

  • 50-100kg sexual dimorphism
  • solitary to avoid food competition
  • quadrumanous locomotion (“four-handed locomotion)
  • frugivores with some barks and leaves
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what is the species name for orangutans

Pongo pygmaeus

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gorilla (great apes)

  • 100-250 kg sexual dimorphism

  • 1 male-multifemale

  • knucklewalkers

  • folivores (leaf eaters with some fruits)

  • placid and quiet

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what is the species name for gorillas

Gorilla gorilla

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chimpanzee (great apes)

  • 40-50kg sexual dimorphism
  • multimale-multifemale with fission fusion
    • split into temporary subgroups and regroup after
  • frugivores
  • very aggressive
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what is the species name for chimpanzees

Pan troglodytes

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bonobo

  • 40-50kg sexual dimorphism
    • shorter than chimps, less robust
  • multimale-multifemale with fission fussion
  • knucklewalkers
  • frugivores
  • sex to alleviate tensions
    • males with males, females with females, young with old, etc.
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what is the species name for bonobos

Pan paniscus

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arboreal quadrupedalism

forelimbs are shorter than the hindlimds

  • long tails for balance
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terrestrial quadrupedalism

forelimbs equal the size or longer than the hindlimbs

  • shorter tails (no tails for apes)
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vertical clinging and leaping (VCL)

large tarsal bones

  • large digits to grab branches
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quadrumanous locomotion

four-handed locomotion

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brachiation

extremely long and muscular forelimbs

  • slender hindlimbs
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bipedalism

free hands to transport objects

  • multiple skeletal modifications (cranium, vertebral column, pelvis, femur, tibia, foot, big toe)