The Populist and Progressive Movements
Progressive Era
Teddy Roosevelt
William Howard Taft
Woodrow Wilson
End of Progressive Era
Roosevelt's domestic policy differed from his predecessor, but he concurred with his foreign policy.
Roosevelt was an even more devout imperialist than McKinley, strongarming Cuba into accepting the Platt Amendment which committed Cuba to American control.
==The US occupied Cuba for 10 years (1906-1922), causing anti-American sentiments.==
Roosevelt's actions in Central America were equally interventionist, building a canal through the Central American isthmus and supporting the revolution in Panama for a better deal.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, also known as the Big Stick Policy, was used to justify repeated military intervention in Latin America due to the assertion of a threat to American security.
American foreign policy adhered to the Monroe Doctrine which asserted America's right to intervene in the Western Hemisphere to protect national security.
Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912 with a policy of neutrality, but it posed immediate problems due to close relationships with England and relatively distant relationship with Germany and Austria-Hungary.
When war broke out in Europe, Wilson declared US policy of neutrality, but it was complicated due to the close relationship with England and their effective blockade.
Germany attempted to counter the blockade with submarines, but the sinking of the Lusitania led to condemnation from the government and public.
Wilson's efforts to stay out of the war and the events that ultimately drew the US into the conflict.
World War I and Government Expansion of Power
The Espionage Act and Sedition Act
Schenck v. United States
Suppression of Unpopular Ideas
Business and Labor Union Changes
The Palmer Raids
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
Wartime Opportunities for Women
The Great Migration
End of World War I
Possible Success of League of Nations
After World War I
Pro-Business Republican Administrations
Woodrow Wilson and Race
Decline of Labor Unions
Modern Culture
The automobile was a major consumer product in the 1920s and typified the new spirit of the nation
Henry Ford's assembly line and mass production made cars more affordable, leading to widespread ownership
Automobiles allowed people to move to the suburbs and transformed into a necessity
The impact of cars was tremendous, requiring the development of roadways and traffic enforcement
Radio also changed the nation's culture, with millions of families owning them and gathering to listen
Consumerism was fueled by the rise of household appliances and the advertising industry
Single-earner households pushed more women to enter the workforce, although most still remained in traditional roles
The flapper image emerged as a symbol of the Roaring Twenties and the new freedom for women
Entertainment saw growth in movies, sports, and literature with world-class authors like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway
Literature reflected disillusionment with the opulence and excess of the 1920s
The Harlem Renaissance was a major cultural development in the largest Black neighborhood in New York City
The Harlem Renaissance was marked by the growth of theaters, cultural clubs, and newspapers
Jazz was popularized and became emblematic of the era, with Louis Armstrong as a major figure
Backlash and Nativism:
Societal Tensions:
Prohibition:
Republicans nominate Herbert Hoover in 1928
Hoover predicts that poverty would soon be eradicated in America
October 1929 stock market crash triggers the Great Depression
Hoover and advisers underestimated the impact of the crash
Hoover believed the economy was sound, reassured public that only speculators would be hurt
Huge banks and corporations among the speculators, causing bankruptcy and unable to pay employees or guarantee bank deposits
Factors contributing to the Great Depression: Europe's economy due to WWI and reparations, overproduction leading to lay offs and low market value, production outstripping ability to buy, concentration of wealth and power in a few businessmen, government laxity in regulation
Depression had a calamitous effect on millions of Americans: job loss, savings loss, homeless and shantytowns, rural farmers struggled, drought and Dust Bowl, agrarian unrest, Farmers’ Holiday Association
Hoover initially opposed federal relief efforts, but later initiated a few programs and campaigned for works projects
Hawley-Smoot Tariff worsened the economy
Hoover had the Federal Emergency Relief Administration established to bail out large companies and banks
Hoover's most embarrassing moment: army attack on Bonus Expeditionary Force in 1932
Hoover's efforts not enough to secure re-election, defeated by FDR in 1932 election
FDR's interventionist government approach contrasted with Hoover's traditional conservative values.
==Franklin D. Roosevelt's inaugural address declared war on the Depression==
He asked for the same broad powers that presidents exercise during wars against foreign nations
Most famous line of the speech: "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself—nameless, unreasoning, unjustified fear."
The New Deal was a result of a powerful presidency and public confidence in Roosevelt
The First New Deal took place during the first hundred days of Roosevelt's administration
The Emergency Banking Relief Bill put poorly managed banks under control of Treasury Department and granted government licenses to solvent banks
The Banking Act of 1933 created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to guarantee bank deposits
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) provided payments to farmers in return for cutting production, funded by increased taxes on food processors
Farm Credit Act provided loans to farmers in danger of foreclosure
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) consolidated businesses and coordinated activities to eliminate overproduction
Public Works Administration (PWA) set aside $3 billion to create jobs building roads, sewers, public housing units, etc.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) provided grants to states for their own PWA-like projects
The government took over the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and expanded its operations for the economic recovery of the region
Roosevelt's response to Great Depression was guided by Keynesian economics
Keynesian economics argued that government should embark on a program of deliberate deficit spending to revive the economy
Keynesian economics was successful during Roosevelt's administration and led to 30 years of economic expansion from 1945 to 1973
Huey Long Threat to FDR
Supreme Court Dismantles First New Deal
Roosevelt's Court-Packing Scheme
Second New Deal
New Deal Coalition
I. Judicial Reorganization Bill:
II. Economic Problems:
III. New Deal:
IV. Accomplishments:
Passed Second Agricultural Adjustment Act and Fair Labor Standards Act
Remade America in banking, finance, management/union relations
Social welfare system stems from New Deal
Took bold chances in conservative political climate
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After World War I, American foreign policy focused on promoting peace and independent internationalism.
The Washington Conference was held in 1921-1922 and resulted in a treaty that limited armaments and reaffirmed the Open Door Policy toward China.
In 1928, 62 nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which condemned war as a means of foreign policy.
The US tried to adopt a Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America in 1934, but continued to promote American interests through economic coercion and support of pro-American leaders.
The Platt Amendment was repealed during this time.
In Asia, the US had limited influence and was unable to stop Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931.
The US sold arms to China and called for an arms embargo on Japan when Japan went to war against China in 1937.
The US maintained a high-tariff protectionist policy throughout the 1920s.
The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act allowed the president to reduce tariffs for foreign policy goals.
Most favored nation (MFN) trade status was granted to eligible countries for the lowest tariff rate set by the US.
Isolationist sentiment grew due to the results of World War I and the findings of the Nye Commission.
The Nye Commission revealed unethical activities by American arms manufacturers, leading to the passage of neutrality acts.
Roosevelt poured money into the military and worked to assist the Allies within the limits of the neutrality acts.
By the 1940s, US foreign policy became increasingly less isolationist with the Lend-Lease Act and Roosevelt's efforts to supply the Allies.
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Complicated military strategy and outcome of key battles played a significant role in WW2
No need to know much about battles, but important to know about wartime conferences between Allies
Grand Alliance between Soviet Union and West was tenuous
Manhattan Project of 1942 was research and development effort for atomic bombs
Soviet spies infiltrated the project
First meeting of "big three" (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) took place in Tehran in 1943
They planned Normandy invasion (D-Day) and division of defeated Germany into occupation zones
Stalin agreed to enter war against Japan after Hitler's defeat
Allies fought Germans primarily in Soviet Union and Mediterranean until D-Day invasion in France
Soviet Union incurred huge losses and sought to recoup by occupying Eastern Europe
Allies won war of attrition against Germans and accelerated victory in East by dropping atomic bombs on Japan
D-Day on June 6, 1944 was largest amphibious landing
Government acquired more power during WW2 through War Production Board and control over industry and labor
Labor Disputes Act of 1943 allowed government takeover of businesses deemed necessary to national security
Hollywood was enlisted to create propaganda films
Government size more than tripled during war
FDR signed Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, creating first peacetime draft in US history
WW2 affected almost every aspect of daily life and created new opportunities and tensions in American society
More than a million African Americans served in US military during WW2, but lived in segregated units
US army was not desegregated until after the war in 1948
Rosie the Riveter symbolized the millions of women who worked in war-related industrial jobs
Most women were expected to go back to traditional roles after soldiers returned home
Government restricted civil liberties, including internment of Japanese Americans from 1942 to end of war
Over 110,000 Asian Americans were imprisoned without charge based solely on ethnic background
Supreme Court upheld evacuation and internment of Japanese Americans as constitutional
Yalta and Potsdam Conferences
Potsdam Conference
Outcome of Conferences
USSR given a free hand in Eastern Europe with promise to hold "free and unfettered elections" after the war
Descent of Iron Curtain (division of Eastern and Western Europe) and beginning of Cold War
American-Soviet animosity led to US using atomic bombs against Japan
Fear of Soviet entry into Asian war and display of power, combined with tenacious Japanese resistance, influenced Truman's decision.
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