Physiology - Module15C 2026 Ratio

A. Thin cortex of three or four layers

The hippocampus is frequently investigated in patients with focal seizures. One of the factors that contribute to its hyperexcitability include:

A. Thin cortex of three or four layers

B. Highly complex circuitry to resist anoxia, stress, and environmental toxins

C. Proximity to critical vascular structures

D. Cytoarchitecture of the hippocampus shows a 6 layered cortex

B. Difficulty in learning new declarative memory

As a consequence of epilepsy surgery, the excision of bilateral of hippocampi will produce

A. Difficulty in learning new procedural memory

B. Difficulty in learning new declarative memory

C. Retrograde amnesia

D. Moderate decline in intellect

D. Amygdala

This component of the Limbic System is responsible for learning the link between the stimulus and its emotional value. It operates in the semiconscious level to regulate the person’s behavioral response appropriate for each occasion.

A. Hypothalamus

B. Hippocampus

C. Mamillary body

D. Amygdala

A. Lateral hypothalamus

The thirst center is located in the

A. Lateral hypothalamus

B. Thin zone of periventricular nuclei

C. Posterior hypothalamus

D. Ventromedial nucleus

C. Preoptic Area

This portion of the hypothalamus is responsible for the regulation of body temperature

A. Lateral hypothalamus

B. Paraventricular nucleus

C. Preoptic Area

D. Ventromedial nucleus

A. All of the other choices

Choose the best answer. Which of the following is an anatomical component of the Limbic System

A. All of the other choices

B. Amygdala

C. Hypothalamus

D. Septal nuclei

E. Cingulate gyrus

F. Mamillary body

D. Increase arterial pressure and increase heart rate

The Hypothalamus participates in regulating the cardiovascular system as part of its vegetative and endocrine function. Stimulation of the posterior and lateral hypothalamus has been found to

A. Decrease arterial pressure and decrease heart rate.

B. Decrease arterial pressure and increase heart rate

C. Increase arterial pressure and decrease heart rate

D. Increase arterial pressure and increase heart rate

B. Decrease arterial pressure and decrease heart rate.

Stimulation of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus has been found to

A. Decrease arterial pressure and increase heart rate

B. Decrease arterial pressure and decrease heart rate.

C. Increase arterial pressure and increase heart rate

D. Increase arterial pressure and decrease heart rate

B. Lesions in bilateral lateral hypothalamus

Lethal starvation due to decreased drive to drink and to eat may be caused by

A. Lesion in the left lateral hypothalamus

B. Lesions in bilateral lateral hypothalamus

C. Lesions in bilateral ventromedial hypothalamus

D. Lesion in the right lateral hypothalamus

C. Lesions in bilateral ventromedial hypothalamus

Excessive drinking and eating with hyperactivity and bouts of extreme rage on the slightest provocation may be brought about by

A. Lesion in the right ventromedial hypothalamus

B. Lesions in bilateral lateral hypothalamus

C. Lesions in bilateral ventromedial hypothalamus

D. Lesion in the left ventromedial hypothalamus

B. Central gray area surrounding the aqueduct of Sylvius

The reward centers of the Limbic System are found in all the following structures EXCEPT:

A. Septum

B. Central gray area surrounding the aqueduct of Sylvius

C. Course of the medial forebrain bundle

D. Ventromedial nuclei

D. Rage

An emotional pattern that has been well characterized in the illustration below is caused by a strong stimulation to the punishment centers. This pattern of behavior is known as

A. Submission and surrender

B. Startle and Moro

C. Retreat and recollection

D. Rage

A. Placidity and Tameness

Strong stimulation to the reward centers will cause

A. Placidity and Tameness

B. Pleasure and pain

C. Habituation and sensitization

D. Addiction and obsession

D. Hardly remembered at all

A person becomes habituated to indifferent stimuli. These sensory experiences that do not elicit a sense of reward or punishment is

A. Rehearsed over and over in the hippocampal formation

B. Often perceived as Deja Vu

C. Hard-wired into the declarative memory

D. Hardly remembered at all

B. Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Studies in monkeys who underwent ablation of bilateral amygdala have shown to cause the subject to have a flat affect, to be fearless, be overly curious, forgetful, behave with hyperorality behavior, and inappropriate social and sexual behavior. This condition is known as:

A. Alzheimer’s disease

B. Kluver-Bucy syndrome

C. Lewy body dementia

D. Prader-Willi syndrome

A. Brainstem reticular formation and associated hypothalamic nuclei, projecting diffusely to all of the neocortex

Signals of the ascending arousal system arise from:

A. Brainstem reticular formation and associated hypothalamic nuclei, projecting diffusely to all of the neocortex

B. Brainstem reticular formation

C. Associated hypothalamic nuclei

D. Specific ascending sensory pathways

A. Delta waves

The EEG waveforms during NREM stages 3 and 4 are mainly those with very slow frequencies of around 0.5 to 3.5 hertz and high amplitudes, and are called:

A. Delta waves

B. Alpha waves

C. Sleep spindles and K complexes

D. Beta waves

E. Theta waves

D. Beta waves

The EEG wave pattern when a person is driving a car, wide awake:

A. Theta waves

B. Delta waves

C. Alpha waves

D. Beta waves

C. REM

Increased penile erection recordings in men during a sleep study are indications of increased parasympathetic activity and best observed during which stage(s) of sleep:

A. NREM 1

B. NREM 3,4

C. REM

D. NREM 2

C. Delta waves interrupted by alpha waves and sleep spindles

REM sleep will manifest all of the following EXCEPT:

A. highest magnitude of muscle atonia/hypotonia during sleep

B. rapid eye movements

C. Delta waves interrupted by alpha waves and sleep spindles

D. Beta-wave like activity in EEG recording similar to awake state

D. Genioglossus

In patients with obstructive sleep apnea, hypotonia/atonia of which muscle causes obstruction of airflow:

A. Rectus abdominis

B. Intercostals

C. Diaphragm

D. Genioglossus

D. REM sleep

Patients can easily describe dreams during which stages or phase of sleep ?

A. NREM stages 3 and 4

B. NREM stage 2

C. NREM stage 1

D. REM sleep

A. Physical movements acting out one’s dream

In REM SLEEP BEHAVIOR DISORDER, failure of REM sleep-associated muscle hypotonia/ atonia mechanism results in:

A. Physical movements acting out one’s dream

B. Difficulty in breathing due to paralysis of respiratory muscles

C. Cataplexy

D. Narcolepsy

A. NREM 2 sleep

K complexes and sleep spindles appear, along with slower theta waves, as an indicator for:

A. NREM 2 sleep

B. NREM 3, 4 sleep

C. NREM 1 sleep

D. REM sleep

A. All of the choices

This EEG waveform appears in a patient in a comatose condition:

A. All of the choices

B. Alpha waves

C. Theta waves

D. Delta waves

B. alpha waves

Awake but with eyes closed, a person in a relaxed, comfortable sitting position would show the following dominant EEG brain waves:

A. theta waves

B. alpha waves

C. beta waves

D. delta waves

D. All of A, B and C

Basic Polysomnography includes:

A. EEG

B. EMG to monitor changes in muscle tone and movements

C. EOG to monitor eyeball movements

D. All of A, B and C

C. Acts as a sleep switch, containing inhibitory neurons (mainly GABA-ergic and GALANIN-secreting), turning off excitatory nuclei of the ascending arousal system

The Ventrolateral Pre-Optic Area (VLPO) of the hypothalamus:

A. Turns on nuclei of the ascending arousal system

B. Contains excitatory neurons, mainly histaminergic, cholinergic, serotoninergic, dopaminergic neurons, and constitutes the ascending arousal system comprising the brainstem reticular formation and associated hypothalamic nuclei

C. Acts as a sleep switch, containing inhibitory neurons (mainly GABA-ergic and GALANIN-secreting), turning off excitatory nuclei of the ascending arousal system

C. Orexin (hypocretin)

Deficiency in this hypothalamic neuropeptide neurotransmitter or its receptor has been associated with narcolepsy:

A. Melatonin

B. Galanin

C. Orexin (hypocretin)

D. Adenosine

A. Sleep Factors

Both adenosine and melatonin are:

A. Sleep Factors

B. Excitatory neurotransmitters

A. 37 C

Normal core temperature in humans:

A. 37 C

B. 38 C

C. 39 C

D. 36 C

C. Progesterone

The basal body temperature of females become higher during and after ovulation, for at most two weeks because of:

A. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

B. Testosterone

C. Progesterone

D. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

E. strogen

E. They have progressive sensitivity to heat and cold

Older people are less able to maintain normal core temperature because of the following, except:

A. They have lower muscle mass

B. They have reduced metabolic rate

C. They have sweat-gland atrophy from disuse

D. They have reduced cardiovascular reserve

E. They have progressive sensitivity to heat and cold

D. Skin

An effective controlled “heat radiator system” is generated by the:

A. Brown Fat

B. Skeletal muscle

C. Sweat Glands

D. Skin

D. Radiation

_____________________ is responsible for approximately 60% heat lost during rest.

A. Evaporation

B. Convection

C. Conduction

D. Radiation

A. 0.6 kcal

Vaporization of 1 gram of water removes about _______ kcal of heat.

A. 0.6 kcal

B. 0.8 kcal

C. 0.5 kcal

D. 1 kcal

E. 1.5 kcal

C. Sweat Secretion

Which of the following is a human thermoregulatory response controlled by cholinergic sympathetics?

A. Thermoregulatory behaviour

B. Shivering thermogenesis

C. Sweat Secretion

D. Brown adipose tissue

D. Both Catecholamines and Thyroxine

Non-shivering thermogenesis is heat production produced by:

A. Catecholamines

B. Thyroxine

C. Skeletal muscle

D. Both Catecholamines and Thyroxine

E. All of the above

B. True

When core temperature is below 34 C, slowed metabolism and arrhythmias may occur.

A. False

B. True

D. Increased vasoconstriction, increased shivering thermogenesis, increased non-shivering thermogenesis

In response to decrease in core temperature of the body, you would expect:

A. Decreased vasoconstriction, decreased shivering thermogenesis, increased non-shivering thermogenesis

B. Decreased vasodilation, decreased shivering thermogenesis, decreased non-shivering thermogenesis

C. Increased vasodilation, increased shivering thermogenesis, decreased non-shivering thermogenesis

D. Increased vasoconstriction, increased shivering thermogenesis, increased non-shivering thermogenesis

A. Arteriovenous anastomosis

Heat transfer is achieved by the presence of this blood vessel in the most exposed areas of the body (hands, feet and ears):

A. Arteriovenous anastomosis

B. Veins

C. Arteries

D. Capillaries

D. Evaporation

When temperature of the surroundings becomes greater than that of the skin, the only means of heat loss or cooling mechanism is by:

A. Convection

B. Radiation

C. Conduction

D. Evaporation

B. Posterior hypothalamus

This is where thermal information are combined and integrated to control the heat-producing and heat-conserving reactions of the body.

A. Thalamus

B. Posterior hypothalamus

C. Anterior hypothalamus

D. Amygdala

A. True

During exercise, core temperature rises during physical activity while the mean skin temperature falls.

A. True

B. False

C. Prostaglandin E2

Release of this substance activates thermoregulatory neurons of the anterior hypothalamic area to elevate body temperature.

A. Tumor Necrosis Factor

B. Interferon α

C. Prostaglandin E2

D. Interleukin 6