Biology Exam Review Flashcards

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to biology, neurotransmitters, brain structure, and cellular biology to aid students in exam preparation.

_____ is a neurotransmitter in the brain that helps send signals.

Glutamate

The brainstem connects to the spinal cord and controls basic life functions such as __, heart rate, and digestion.

breathing

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the __ gland that helps regulate the body's sleep-wake cycle.

Pineal

Broca's Area is a region in the frontal lobe responsible for __ processing.

language

The cerebellum helps coordinate voluntary movements, balance, posture, and __ learning.

motor

Aphasia is a disorder that affects a person's ability to __.

communicate

The lateral sulcus is also known as the __ fissure in the brain.

Sylvian

The central sulcus separates the __ lobe from the parietal lobe.

frontal

The cerebral longitudinal fissure separates the left and right __ of the brain.

hemispheres

A CT scan is a medical imaging technique that uses __ for detailed cross-sectional images.

X-rays

MRI stands for __ resonance imaging, a technique that uses strong magnets and radio waves.

Magnetic

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic __ disease where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath.

autoimmune

A gyrus is a ridge or fold on the surface of the brain that increases __ area.

surface

Glial cells are supportive cells in the nervous system essential for __ health and function.

neuron

An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell that produces __ in the CNS.

myelin

The refractory period is the time following an action potential before another __ can occur.

action potential

GABA, or gamma-aminobutyric acid, is the most common __ neurotransmitter in the brain.

inhibitory

Wernicke's area is involved in understanding __ and written language.

spoken

Sodium has a higher concentration on the __ of the neuron than on the inside during resting potential.

outside

Sensory neurons are the most __ neurons in the brain.

numerous

The resting membrane of a neuron is __ to potassium while at rest.

impermeable

Grey matter is primarily made up of __ cell bodies in the CNS.

neuron

Homeostasis refers to the steady state physiological condition of the __.

body

Interneurons are a type of neuron that acts as a connector or relay between __ and motor neurons.

sensory

Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the __ gland.

pituitary

Circadian rhythm is the body's natural __ hour cycle that regulates various functions.

24

Counter current exchange refers to the mechanism where fluids flow in __ directions to transfer heat, gases, or solutes.

opposite

Daily metabolic rates represent the total amount of energy the body needs to perform __.

functions

Smooth muscle is a type of involuntary muscle found in the walls of hollow organs like the __ and intestines.

stomach

A lacunae is a small __ in certain tissues such as cartilage.

cavity

Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and is characterized by its __ texture.

smooth

Tendons connect __ to bone.

muscles

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium appears to have multiple layers but actually has only __ layer.

one

Collagen is the main structural protein in the body and helps hold __ together.

tissues