Animal Nutrition Test 3 (this one)

Besides microbial digestion, what is the other significant function of the reticulum

Pacemaker for rumen contractions

Besides microbial digestion, what is the other significant function of the omassum

Regulate flow to the abomasum

which is the primary end product of microbial fermentation from cellulose digestion

VFA

which is the primary end product of microbial fermentation from protein digestion?

microbial protein

which can be used by microorganisms to synthesize microbial protein?

feed protein, amino acids, Urea (NH3)

Which end-product of microbial fermentation in the ruman can benefit the animal?

Heat and NH3

Which gases are by-products of fermentation?

CH4 and CO2

This compartment of the fore-stomachs is known as "many plies" or has many lamina propria

Omasum

This compartment of the fore-stomachs is known as the "honeycomb"

Reticulum

What are four steps in rumination?

Resalivation, Remastication, Reglutition, Regurgitation

This condition is caused by the inability of the ruminant animal to eructate

bloat

This is defined as a bolus moving by reverse contraction of esophagus from rumen to mouth

regurgitation

The increased production in ______ acid can lead to rumen acidosis

lactic

What are three sources of NH3 for the microbes in the rumen?

protein, urea, AA

If a cow consumed corn that is 8% crude protein, what percentage of crude protein would the microbes convert it to in the rumen?

50%

Which is NOT a step in rumination?

Reprehension

Resalivation

Remastication

Reglutition

Regurgitation

Reprehension

What are three inefficiencies of the fermentation process in the rumen?

heat, methane, carbon dioxide

True of false: A concentrate (grain) diet will produce less propionate than a forage diet during fermentation

False

What is the primary type of digestion that occurs in the rumen?

Microbial

The three primary VFAs that are produced in the rumen are derived from which nutrient?

Carbohydrate

True or false: VFAs are absorbed across the rumen wall and help to meet the energy requirement of the host animal

true

Rumen provides favorable environment for microbial growth due to? (9)

warmth, moisture, daily food supply, ph controlled, dark, mixing, oxygen free, end products removed, ruminates and masticates

How is the ph controlled in the rumen?

salivation

how are the end products removed in the rumen?

absorbed or passed

The rumen MOs and ruminant animal live in what kind of relationship?

symbiosis

how does the animal benefit from the fermentation process?

bc MOs digest feed

how do the MOs benefit from the fermentation process?

they have a nice "condo"

how many bacteria are in the rumen?

15-50 billion/ml

the microbial species digest what various nutrients?

cellulose, starch, protein digesters

how many species of protozoa are in the rumen? what kind are they?

35 species, ciliated protozoa

how many protozoa are in the rumen?

20,000-500,000/ml

what do most protozoa prey on?

bacteria

what does yeast do in the fermentation process?

aids in cellulose breakdown

how much yeast is in the fermentation process?

smallllll amount

how to calculate the total # of MOs in rumen with 50 liter capacity?

2.5x10^15

In general fermentation reactions starch breaks down to?

soluble sugars then VFAs

In general fermentation reactions fiber breaks down to?

soluble sugars then VFAs

In general fermentation reactions protein breaks down to?

AA then NH3 then microbial protein

In general fermentation reactions NH3 breaks down to?

microbial protein

In general fermentation reactions unsaturated fats breaks down into?

saturated fats

In general fermentation reactions what breaks down into VFAs?

starch and fiber

In general fermentation reactions what breaks down into microbial protein?

protein and NH3

In general fermentation reactions what breaks down into saturated fats?

unsaturated fats

what are the end products of fermentation?

VFAs, microbial protein, ammonia, gas, heat, lipid alterations

What digests CHO (cellulose and starch)

microorganisms in the rumen

Fermentation produces?

VFAs

Fiber is?

cellulose

Corn is?

starch

3 most important VFAs produced in digestion in the ruminant?

acetate/acetic acid, propionate/propionic acid, and butyrate/butyric acid

acetate/acetic acid has how many carbons?

2

propionate/propionic acid has how many carbons?

3

butyrate/butyric acid has how many carbons?

4

VFAs absorbed through the rumen wall can supply what?

50-100% of required energy for ruminant

Why is microbial ferementation beneficial?

even if the food consumed is low in protein/energy, fermentation can produce a LOT of energy and protein needed to survive

What we feed the animal influences?

how many VFAs are produced

If cattle are fed grain diet, that consists of mostly?

starch

if cattle are fed grass diet, that consists mostly of?

fiber

The most efficient VFA for the animal is?

propionate

Forage diet means animal eats ____ which consists of____?

pasture grass, cellulose

Concentrate diets (grain) gains how many mmol per ml VFA?

100-120

Forage diets gains how many mmol per ml VFA?

60-80

concentrate diets (grain) maintains what pH?

5.5-6.0

forage diets maintains what pH?

6.5-7.0

What is the acetate:propionate ratio for forage diets?

3.5 to 1

What are the % comps in a forage diet?

65% acetate, 20% propionate, 12% butyrate

What is the acetate:propionate ratio for grain diets?

2:1 or less

what are the % comps in a grain diet?

45% acetate, 35% propionate, 15% butyrate

what diet, grain vs forage, is more beneficial? why?

grain diet bc more propionate!!

what are ionophores? what do they do?

theyre feed additives, shift MO to propionic producing species

two examples of ionophores?

rumensin and lasalocid

what were ionophores origionally approved for?

as coccidiostat for poultry

what are the two responses from use of ionophores?

improved feed efficiency or average daily gain

how can we improve the efficiency of ruminant animals by VFA production?

increase propionate

how do we increase propionate in animals?

use of ionophores or concetrate diets

What are the three things to consider when discerning the fate of dietary protein in the fermentation process?

type of protein, rate of fermentation, rate of passage

what two types of protein are there in the fermentation process?

escape or soluble

what is meant by the rate of fermenation?

how fast can the bugs break it down

what is meant by the rate of passage in the ferementation process?

how fast does it leave or stay in the rumen

Another benefit of fermentation besides carb digestion is that?

it can produce microbial protein

For microbial protein to be produced what source is needed?

any nitrogen source

What is deamination?

removal of the amino radical (like NH3) from an amino compound

This protein goes through the rumen and is not fermented. Turns into?

bypass protein, feed protein

feremented protein turns into?

microbial protein

What are two vitamins that MOs synthesize in fermentation? therefore?

vitamin K and B vitamins, they are not required in the diet

MOs contain 3% what? therefore?

essential fatty acids, therefore there are none required in the diet

Three major by products of the ferementation process?

NH3, heat, and gas

Major product of fermentation, useful in winter, detriment in summer, describes what?

heat

too much ammonia can cause? why?

ammonia toxicity ebcause its recycled and absorbed across the rumen wall and into the blood stream

What gasses and %s are produced in the ferementation process?

65% CO2, 25% CH4 (methane), 7% N2, some O2, H2, and H2S

Who is more energy effiecient, ruminant animals or monogastric? explain

technically monogastric, but they cannot consume cellulose and they cannot make a bunch of microbical protein when theyre diet greatly lacks

What element is abundantly present in the rumen?

hydrogen

What happens to unsaturated FAs that enter the rumen?

they become saturated

What do monogastrics typically deposit?

what they consumed

what do ruminant animals typically deposit?

saturated fat

excess fat in ruminant diets can cause?

decrease in fiber digestion, inhibits degredation of cellulose

What makes up the largest % of herbivores?

ruminant animals

What are the two main functions of the complex stomach of ruminants?

to utilize the largest CHO source in the world as an energy source and to produce food and other products

Order of the anatomy of a cow?

mouth, esophagus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, cecum, large intestine

what are the four compartments of the ruminant stomach?

rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

What is characteritic of a ruminant mouth?

no upper incisors, instead theres a dental pad