APUSH Chapter 31 - American Life in the "Roaring Twenties"

"red scare" 1919-1920

A fear of Russia that ran high in the US even after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917. This resulted in a nationwide crusade against those whose Americanism was suspect.

Mitchell Palmer

Was head of the Witch hunt that was related to the red scare that occured around the time of the Russian revolution. He jailed anyone who spoke of communism or anarchy. The people who were put in jail were treated terribly.

criminal syndicalism laws

(1919-1920)Passed by many states during the Red Scare of 1919-1920, these nefarious laws outlawed the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change. Stump speakers for the International Workers of the World, or IWW, were special targets. Traditional American ideals of free speech were restricted.

Sacco Vanzetti Case 1921

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. Despite criticism from liberals and radicals all over the world, the men were electrocuted in 1927.

Ku Klux Klan (Knights of the Invisible Empire

antiforeign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, antipacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, antievolutionist, antibootlegger, antigambling, antiadultery, and anti-birth control. It was pro-Anglo-Saxon, pro-"native" American, and pro-Protestant.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

1921 legislation that limited immigration to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910

Immigration Act of 1924

replaced #22 (Emergency Quota Act of 1921), cutting numbers to 2% using the census of 1890, favoring Northern Europeans. Japanese were outright banned from coming to America. marked the end of an era of unrestricted immigration to the United States.

Speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally. The large profits of illegal alcohol led to bribery of police.

Al Capone

"scar face" United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion (1899-1947)

Lindbergh Law 1932

Made interstate abduction in certain circumstances a death-penalty offense.

Gangsterism

prostitution, gambling, narcotics, and kidnapping for ransom in urban areas

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

Fundamentalists

old-time religionists, claimed that the teaching of Darwinism evolution was destroying faith in God and the Bible, while contributing to the moral breakdown of youth.

John T. Scopes

a science teacher who challenged the ban in Tennessee as unconstitutional and decided to test the law in the courts, he asked a friend to file suit against him for teaching evolution this was known as a popular case

Monkey Trial

Scopes was defended by Clarence Darrow, while former presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan prosecuted him. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100.-- a trial in dayton, tennesse (1925) debating weither or not creationism or evolution was taught in a school.

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs

Bruce Barton

a leader of the advertising industry and author of a new interpretation on Christ in The Man Nobody Knows

Buying in credit in the 1920s

another new feature of the postwar economy. Prosperity thus accumulated an overhanging cloud of debt, and the economy became increasingly vulnerable to disruptions of the credit structure.

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947)

Model T

the first widely available automobile powered by a gasoline engine

automobile industry

exploded, creating millions of jobs and supporting industries. America's standard of living rose sharply, and new industries flourished while old ones dwindled. The petroleum business experienced an explosive development and the railroad industry was hard hit by the competition of automobiles.

How did the automotive industry impact women?

It freed up women from their dependence on men, and isolation among the sections was broken down.

December 17, 1903

Orville and Wilbur Wright made their first flight, lasting 12 seconds and 120 feet.

Charles A. Lindberg

first man to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. His flight energized and gave a strong boost to the new aviation industry

Guglielmo Marconi

invented wireless telegraphy (the telegraph) AKA RADIO in the 1890s.

Impact of the radio on society

the first voice-carrying radio broadcasts reached audiences. While automobiles were luring Americans away from the home, the radio was luring them back. Educationally and culturally, the radio also made a significant contribution.

Thomas A. Edison

One of the most prolific inventors in U.S. history. He invented the phonograph, light bulb, electric battery, mimeograph and moving picture -- MOTION PICTURE IN THE 1920s-- The Great Train Robbery (1903)

How did motion picture impact WWI?

It was used as anti-German propaganda.

Where did most Americans live?

In the 1920s, the majority of Americans had shifted from rural areas to urban (city) areas.

Margaret Sanger

United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood

Alice Paul

head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

National Women's Party in 1923

Led by Alice Paul to campaign for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution.

flappers

Explosion in sex appeal in America -- Young women rolled their stockings, taped their breasts flat, and roughed their cheeks. Women began to wear one-piece bathing suits.

Dr. Sigmund Freud

justified new sexual frankness by arguing that sexual repression was responsible for a variety of nervous and emotional ills.

Marcus Garvey

Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States. (792)

H.L. Mencken

marriage, patriotism, democracy, and prohibition in his monthly American Mercury.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

This Side of Paradise in 1920 and The Great Gatsby in 1925.

Earnest Hemingway

He wrote of disillusioned, spiritually numb American expatriates in Europe in The Sun Also Rises (1926).

Sinclair Lewis

Main Street (1920) and Babbitt (1922).

Sherwood Anderson

Winesburg, Ohio (1919).

Bureau of the Budget

Created in 1921; its primary task is to prepare the Annual Budget for presentation every January. It also controls the administration of the budget; improving it and encouraging government efficiency.It was designed to prevent haphazardly extravagant appropriations.

Mellon's Accomplishment

As Treasury Secretary -- Believed taxes forced the rich to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in the factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He helped create a series of tax reductions from 1921-1926 in order to help rich people. Congress followed by abolishing the gift tax, reducing excise taxes, the surtax, the income tax, and estate taxes. Mellon's policies shifted much of the tax burden from the wealthy to the middle-income groups. Mellon reduced the national debt by $10 billion.