birth defects and ethical consideration

What is the main goal of bioethics in human development?

To guide moral decisions from conception to aging stages

Which core principle focuses on minimizing harm in healthcare?

Non-maleficence

What does the principle of justice in bioethics emphasize?

Fairness in access to care and treatment

Which technology raises ethical concerns about privacy and fetal rights?

Genetic testing (e.g., NIPT, PGD)

Why is informed consent important in prenatal screening?

To ensure parents understand risks and options

IVF and surrogacy raise ethical concerns related to:

Embryo ownership and commercialization

Which ethical dilemma is commonly associated with abortion?

Conflicting rights between mother and fetus

What is a key ethical concern in pediatric care?

Balance between parental control and child autonomy

Why are puberty blockers ethically debated?

They affect gender identity development in adolescents

What is the ethical issue in extending life through technology in elderly care?

Preserving dignity versus prolonging suffering

Which of the following best describes ageism?

Discrimination or bias based on age

What ethical issue surrounds CRISPR and gene editing?

Therapy vs. enhancement and designer babies

Why is reproductive cloning controversial?

It blurs the line between therapy and human replication

Which of the following is an example of global cultural ethical conflict?

Female genital mutilation or child marriage

Which factor contributes to developmental health inequities?

Unequal access to prenatal care and environmental toxins

True or False: Ethical concerns only start after birth.

False

What is the leading cause of infant mortality in the U.S.?

Birth defects

What percentage of U.S. babies are born with a birth defect?

2–3%

Which birth defect is caused by abnormal facial development in utero?

Cleft lip/palate

Which condition may be reduced by folic acid before conception?

Spina bifida

Which birth defect causes a foot to turn inward at the ankle?

Club foot

Why is early diagnosis important in congenital dislocation of the hip?

To avoid permanent damage to the leg

What causes congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism)?

Low maternal thyroid hormone levels

Which condition affects muscle control and movement in children?

Cerebral palsy

Which genetic condition involves an extra 21st chromosome?

Down syndrome

Which syndrome leads to chronic hunger and obesity in children?

Prader-Willi syndrome

Fragile X syndrome is characterized by:

Intellectual disability and social anxiety

What distinguishes muscular dystrophy from other conditions?

Progressive muscle weakness and tissue death

What is a hallmark physical trait of Marfan syndrome?

Extremely long limbs

Achondroplasia is associated with:

Short stature due to growth factor gene mutation

Which birth defect does not show physical signs at birth?

Cystic fibrosis

True or False: Boys are more likely than girls to inherit muscular dystrophy.

True

Which body systems can Marfan syndrome affect?

Heart, lungs, eyes, spinal cord, skeleton

What is the ethical importance of respecting cultural practices in healthcare?

Ensures sensitivity while protecting human rights

What does palliative care emphasize in end-of-life ethics?

Comfort and dignity over aggressive treatment

Why is embryo destruction controversial in stem cell research?

It involves the loss of potential life