BIOL 1021 Bowling lab final

what did caffeine and ethanol do to the heart rate of Daphnia?

caffeine- speeds up
ethanol- slows down

important aspects of the anatomy of a daphnia (diagram)

major parts of the dissecting scope

independent variable

One or more factors that the scientist varies during the experiment. (In the example below, the independent variables are exercise and diet.)

dependent variable

A feature that the scientist measures in order to determine if it changes in response to the independent variables. (In the example below, the dependent variable is the amount of blood cholesterol).

mean

where you add up all the numbers and then divide by the number of numbers.

Median

is the "middle" value in the list of numbers from least to greatest.

Mode

is the value that occurs most often

range

is just the difference between the largest and smallest values

what solutions were used to test for the 4 types of organic molecules?

water, glucose, sucrose, starch, onion juice, (unknown)

The Biuret Test: turns violet

protein or long peptide

The Biuret Test: turns pinkish

short peptide

functional groups

hydroxyl group (X-OH)
aldehyde, carbonyl (X-C-H) || O
carbonyl (X-C-X) || O
carboxyl group (X-COOH)
amino group (X-NH2)
sulfhydryl group (X-SH)
phosphate group (X-PO4H2)
methyl group (X-CH3)

54 km = ?
54,000 m
5,400 m
54,000 mm
0.054 m
5,400,000 mm

54,000 m

54 mm = ?
5,400 m
0.000054 km
0.54 m
540 cm
540 μm

0.000054 km

75,400 = ?
7.54 x 10^3
754 x 10^1
75.4 x 10^4
7.54 x 10^-4
7.54 x 10^4

7.54 x 10^4

82 dm = ?
8.2 x 10^3 mm
1.64 x 10^-2 mm
82 x 10^4 mm
82 x 10^-2 mm
8.2 x 10^-2 mm

8.2x10^3 mm

16 μl = ?
1.6 x 10^-6 l
8.0 x 10^6 l
1.6 x 10^6 l
1.6 x 10^5 l
8.0 x 10^6 l

1.6 x 10^5 I

8.4 mg = ?
8.4 x 10^3 μg
8.4 x 10^4 g
4.2 x 10^3 μg
8.4 x 10^6 kg
4.2 x 10^3 g

4.2 x 10^3 g

6.4 x 10^3 μm = ?
6.4 x 10^-3 dm
6.4 x 10^-6 m
3.2 x 10^1 mm
3.2 x 10^-1 cm
6.4 x 10^0 mm

6.4 x 10^0 mm

Surface Area: A rectangle is 10 meters by 6 meters; what is its area?
60 m^2
16 m^2
32 m
32 m^2

60 m^2

Surface Area: A rectangle is 2 cm by 6 cm. What is its area?
1.2 x 10^0 cm^2
8 x 10^0 cm^2
1.2 x 10^1 cm^2
12 x 10^1 cm^2

1.2 x 10^1 cm^2

Surface Area: A rectangle is 3.0 x 10^3 mm by 3.0 x 10^2 cm. What is its area?
3.0 x 10^5 m^2
9.0 x 10^2 m^2
9.0 x 10^5 cm^2
9.0 x 10^4 mm^2

9.0 x 10^0 m^2

Volume: A box is 3 m long by 2 m wide by 2 m high. What is its volume?
10 m^3
12 m^3
7 m
7 m^3

12 m^3

Volume: A paper strip is 2 m long by 3 cm wide by 2 mm thick. What is its volume?
1.2 x 10^-4 m^3
1.2 x 10^1 mm^3
1.2 x 10^1 cm^3
1.2 x 10^4 mm^3

1.2 x 10^-4 m^3

Volume: 6.4 x 10^15 μm3= ?
6.4 x 10^9 m^3
6.4 x 10^33 m^3
6.4 x 10^3 m^3
6.4 x 10^-3 m^3

6.4 x 10^-3 m^3

Surface Area: 5.4 x 10^-6 km^2= ?
5.4 x 10^3 μm^2
5.4 x 10^12 μm^2
5.4 x 10^6 μm^2
5.4 x 10^18 μm^2

5.4 x 10^12 μm^2

102 °F = ?
38.9 °C
212 °C
74.4 °C
70 °C

38.9 °C

-40 °C = ?
-72 °F
-14.4 °F
-8 °F
-40 °F

-40 °F

degree conversions

°F = 9/5(°C) + 32°
°C = 5/9 (°F - 32°)

Water freezes at what temperature?

0 degrees Celsius and 32 degrees Fahrenheit

Water boils at what temperature?

100 degrees Celsius or 212 degrees Fahrenheit

Human body temperature

37°C

compound scope magnification equation (eyepiece mag x objective mag)

eyepiece (ocular) lenses (10X); these are constant objective lenses; there are 3 lenses: low power (4X) medium power (10X) high power (45X or 40X)

Resolution equation

Resolution = (.61)(wavelength λ)/Numerical Aperture

Using a compound microscope with a 15X eyepiece lens and a 40X objective lens produces a final magnification of ?
60X
55X
400X
600X

600X

Using a compound microscope with a numerical aperture of 0.22 gives a resolution of R = ?
0.22 μm
1.5 μm
2.8 μm
0.33 μm

1.5 μm

A cell takes up about 1/4 of the field of view in your microscope on medium power (diameter of field = 1800 μm). What is the approximate width of the cell?
7200 μm
1800 μm
450 μm
This cannot be determined without knowing the numerical aperture.

450 μm

A family has 10 children with these ages: 24, 21, 21, 21, 17, 17, 14, 11, 8, 6. What is the mean age of these children?
16
14.4
18
17
21

16

A family has 10 children with these ages: 24, 21, 21, 21, 17, 17, 14, 11, 8, 6. What is the mode age of these children?
16
14.4
18
17
21

21

A family has 10 children with these ages: 24, 21, 21, 21, 17, 17, 14, 11, 8, 6. What is the range of ages of these children?
16
14.4
18
17
21

18

A family has 10 children with these ages: 24, 21, 21, 21, 17, 17, 14, 11, 8, 6. What is the median age of these children?
16
14.4
18
17
21

17

what is the compound scope magnification equation?

eyepiece mag x objective mag

major parts of the compound scope

40X (low power)

4500 um (4.5 mm)

100X (medium power)

1800 um (11.8 mm)

450X or 400X (high power)

400 or 450 um (.4 or .45 mm)

LAB 4 LOOK AT CELLS ON MANUAL

.

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion. This is because the particles have more energy so they move around faster.

How does molecular weight affect the rate of diffusion?

Heavier molecules move more slowly; therefore, they diffuse more slowly. The rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to square root of its inverse of its molecular weight.

active transport

the net movement of a substance, often against a gradient, that requires an input of energy and a carrier protein

Diffusion

the net movement of particles down a concentration gradient

osmosis

the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

dynamic equilibrium

the point where 2 solutions (or other situations) are such that no net movement of molecules will occur

Hypertonic

when comparing 2 solutions, it is the solution that has the higher concentration of solute particles

Hypotonic

when comparing 2 solutions, it is the solution that has the lower concentration of solute particles

lab 5 look at hand-in for lab results

.

What are enzymes?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions; living organisms depend on them; act as catalysts

what do enzymes do?

make reactions occur faster by lowering the activation energy of the reactants so that the final products are produced at a faster rate

What are the substrates of lab 6?

catechol, hydroquinone, and p hydroxybenzaldehyde

What is the product of lab 6?

benzoquinone

what affects the rate of a chemical reaction?

temperature and pH

does lower or higher temperature affect an enzyme?

higher

Without an enzyme, most reaction rates will either increase continually as pH is___1___ or will increase continually as the pH is ___2___.

1. lowered
2. raised

Alcoholic fermentation produces _______________________ for every molecule of glucose that undergoes glycolysis.

2 molecules of ethanol, 2 molecules of CO2, and 2 molecules of ATP

In lactic acid fermentation _______________________________ are produced for every molecule of glucose that undergoes glycolysis.

2 molecules of lactic acid and 2 molecules of ATP

Oxygen is present in ____1_____ and not present in __2____.

1. aerobic respiration
2.fermentation

lab 7- What does it mean in the Bromthymol blue experiment if the color is Blue?

no CO2

lab 7- what does it mean In the Bromthymol blue experiment if the color is Green?

some CO2

lab 7- what does it mean In the Bromthymol blue experiment if the color is Yellow?

a lot of CO2

Chromatography

A laboratory technique used to separate mixtures of molecules

How does chromatography work?

Chromatography paper has fibers of a certain size. Molecules, such as pigments, are able to migrate along the paper if they are soluble in an appropriate solvent.

what pigments were separated in lab 8?

accessory pigments from spinach leaves

What is fluorescence?

the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.

How is fluorescence caused?

occurs when a molecule reflects a ray of light at a higher wavelength than the original light that was shone onto it

which color is least useful in photosynthesis?

green

which colors are most useful for photosynthesis?

red, violet, blue

reflected light

color that is seen; light that is thrown back or bounced off an object

absorbed light

converted to energy and transmitted light moves through the material

what is starch made of?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

where is starch stored?

plant's vacuole

does light affect starch storage?

no

how does measuring O2 levels relate to photosynthesis?

Plants produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis

Stages of Mitosis

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

pictures of stages of mitosis

meiosis 1 stages

Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1

meiosis 1 pictures

Meiosis II stages

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

Meiosis II picture

diploid cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.

haploid cell

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; produces 4 haploid cells

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes; produces 2 diploid cells

look at charts on lab 9

.

homozygous dominant

AA

homozygous recessive

aa

Heterozygous

Aa

allele

variations of a trait

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism; AA, Aa, aa

phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.