Modern Biology Chapter 46

Cardiovascular System

System made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels

Lymphatic System

System formed by the lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and the lymph

Atrium

Upper chambers of the heart (top of the heart)

Ventricle

Lower Chambers of the heart (bottom of the heart)

Valves

Flaps of tissue that open in only one direction to keep blood from flowing backwards

Aorta

Large blood vessel that transports oxygenated blood to the brain, coronary arteries, and the rest of the body

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

Group of specialized heart muscles located in the right atrium (these nodes spontaneously send electrical impulses and is often called the pacemaker, because they keep track of heart contractions

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

Node located in the septum between the two atria that receives the electrical signals sent by the SA node, then the AV node sends electrical signals to the ventricles to contract a fraction of a second after the atria contract, completing a heartbeat

Pulse

Series of pressure waves within an artery caused by the contractions of the left ventricle in the heart

Blood Pressure

Force of blood exerted against the inside walls of a blood vessel

Hypertension

High blood pressure

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels

Pulmonary Circulation

Circulation between the heart and the lungs

Systemic Circulation

Circulation between the heart and all other body tissues

Atherosclerosis

Disease characterized by the buildup of fatty materials on the interior walls of the coronary arteries

Lymph

Excess fluid from the tissues

Plasma

Liquid that is about 90% water and includes metabolites, nutrients, wastes, salts, and proteins. Blood cells receive nutrients from the plasma, plasma is rich in protein and is necessary for blood cells to function

Red blood cells

(erythrocytes) transports oxygen to cells in all parts of the body, formed in the red bone marrow

Hemoglobin

iron containing protein in red blood cells

White blood Cells

(leukocytes) blood cells that defend the body against disease, larger than red blood cells and may be irregularly shaped, there are several types of white blood cells

Phagocyte

White blood cells that engulf invading microorganisms

Antibodies

produced by some white blood cells that help destroy foreign substances

Platelets

blood cell that clots blood to prevent diseases or foreign substances from entering wounds

Fibrin

Protein that are long, sticky chains that catch red blood cells and hardens them and turns them into a scab

Blood Type

Determined by the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cells

Antigen

Substance that stimulates the immune systems response to a foreign substance or disease

RH factor

antigen sometimes present on blood cells, about 85% of the U.S. is RH+, the rest are RH -. If you give someone with RH+ blood a blood transfusion with RH-, the person can die

Respiratory System

System that exchanges gases with the atmosphere

External Respiration

exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood

Internal respiration

Exchange of gases between the blood and cells of the body

Lungs

Site of gas exchange

Path of blood

Oxygen poor blood: superior vena cava → right atrium → inferior vena cava → right ventricle → pulmonary valve →lungs to get oxygen

Oxygen rich blood: pulmonary arteries → pulmonary veins → blood receives oxygen → pulmonary→ left atrium → left ventricle →aortic valve→ aorta → rest of the body

Path of oxygen

Oxygen enters your lungs → Alveoli →oxygen is absorbed into blood in the pulmonary veins → oxygenated blood is sent through the left atrium and ventricle → oxygenated blood is delivered to the rest of the body

Pharynx

Tube at the back of the nasal cavity and mouth, carries both food and air

Epiglottis

Flap of food that covers the air passage when someone is eating food

Trachea

Windpipe

Larynx

Voicebox

Bronchi

two branches of the trachea that branch into the lungs

Bronchioles

Smaller and smaller tubes that branch into the lungs off of the bronchi

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs that absorb the oxygen

Inspiration

Process of moving air into the lungs

Diaphragm

Large skeletal muscle that separates your thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Expiration

Process of expelling air from the lungs