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Unincorporated: Legally, the owner & the business are the same
Incorporated: The owners & the business have separate legal identities
Liability: the legal debt a company owes to third-party creditors
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%%Advantages of a sole trader%% | ==Disadvantages of a sole== |
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Few legal regulations | Unlimited liability |
Own boss therefore complete control | money/finance |
Freedom & flexibility | high costs |
personal customer contact | lack of training & lack of specialists |
Decision making | raising capital |
profit & secrecy | long hours |
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%%Advantages of partnerships%% | ==Disadvantages of Partnerships== |
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More Capital - expansion & growth | Unlimited liability |
Shared responsibilities & decisions | Legal costs for making a partnership agreement |
Losses shared by all partners | All partners liable for debts of the others |
Greater opportunity for specialization | no separate legal identity |
Easy to set up | Partnerships dissolved in partners leaving or through death |
Less money needed by partners to set up | Decision of one partner binding on the rest |
Can be a family run business | Limited access to capital |
Accounts are kept private | Limit on the number of partners |
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known as Limited liability Partnerships
Possible in some countries (eg uk)
Offers partners limited liability
Shares cannot be bought or sold
Separate legal identity
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Submit to ==‘ Registrar of companies ’== TO GET ==‘ Certificate of Incorporation ’==
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Articles of Association
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Memorandum of Association
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Advantages of Private Limited Company | Disadvantages of Private Limited Company |
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Limited liability - less risk | Shares: Existing shareholders only, & transfer needs consent |
Sale of shares | Less Privacy, as all accounts are sent to the Registrar of Companies |
Separate legal Identity | Not available to the general public, therefore it isn’t possible to raise large amounts of capital for expansion |
Original owner retains control | |
More ability to raise capital - expand faster | |
Continuity | |
Status |
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For family businesses or partnerships who want to expand further with no loss of control & reduced risk to their own capital
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Advantages of public limited company | Disadvantages of public limited company |
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Limited liability | Legal formalities are complicated & confusing |
Incorporated business | Regulations & control - protect shareholders’ interest |
Separate legal unit | Lack of privacy - publication of accounts |
Continuity | Difficult to control & manage |
raise large amounts if capital to expand internationally | Expense of shelling shares to the public - specialist bank, merchant bank, prospectus |
No limits of amount of shareholders | original owner may lose control |
easy to buy, sell & transfer shares | |
higher status | |
easy to attract suppliers & loans |
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^^Memorandum of association^^ = A document containing all fundamental information which are required for the incorporation of the company
^^Articles of association^^ = A document containing all the regulations that governs the company
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Public limited companies have thousands (or even millions of shareholders)
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Shareholders → Board of Directors → BOF appoints managers
Ownership → Control
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A joint venture is when 2 or more businesses agree to start a new project together, sharing the capital, risks & profits
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Advantages of a joint venture | Disadvantages of a joint venture |
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Sharing of costs (reduced costs) | If new project successful, then profits will be shared |
Shared risks | Possible disagreements over decisions |
Local knowledge when needed | Different cultures & different methods |
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^^Franchise^^ : A business on the use of the brand names, promotional logos & trading methods of an existing successful business. The franchisee buys the license to operate this business from the franchisor.
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Franchisor :
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Franchisee :
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To the franchisor | To the Franchisee | |
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%%Advantages%% | Franchisee pays for : expansion, shops & license to use the brand name | Reduced chance of failure due to the well-known brand & product |
Rapid expansion than if the franchisor had to finance all new outlets | Advertising is paid by the franchisor | |
Management of the outlets is the franchisee’s responsibility | All supplies are obtained from a single source | |
All products sold (by the franchisee) must be bought from the franchisor → Major source of profit | Franchisor makes most decisions → fewer decisions to worry about | |
No operation of retail units or management | Training for the staff provided by the franchisor | |
Banks are often willing to lend to franchisees due to relatively low risk | ||
==Disadvantages== | Poor management of one franchised outlet could lead to bad reputation for the whole business | Less independence than with operating a non-franchised business |
Franchisee keeps profits from their outlet | Maybe unable to make decisions that would suit the local area | |
License fee paid & (possibly) a percentage of the annual turnover |
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→ A group of people who enter business & share the benefits
→ A non-profit community organizations, consumer cooperatives, worker cooperatives
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Includes all businesses owned by the government & local government, & public services
2 types → Public corporations & other public sector enterprises
Essential services owned by government → strategically necessary
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%%Advantages of public corporations%% | ==Disadvantages of public corporations== |
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Essential / necessary services owned & controlled by government | No private shareholder to insist on profitability & efficiency → no motivation |
Natural monopolies → ensures customers aren’t taken advantage of | Subsidies lead to inefficiency : managers think that govt are there for bailout & unfair as subsidies are not given to private sector |
Open business ready to collapse & secure job | Lack of incentive to : increase customer choice & to increase efficiency |
Availability for public use → non-profitable | Used for political gain → offering more jobs during elections |
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^^Corporatization : ^^
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^^Municipal Enterprises:^^
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