Functional anatomy Intro video Q & A

Four body systems that work together to allow for athletic endeavors.

Skeletal

Muscular

Respiratory

Circulatory

Base structure needed to handle loads of sport and allow for movement

skeletal structure

Functions of the skeleton

1. Rigid framework

2. Protection of organs

3. Allows for Movement (Joints are an attachment site for muscles and tendons)

4. Store and release minerals

5. Blood cell production

How many bones in an adult?

206

Function of muscles

movement

Stability.

Posture. ...

Circulation. ...

Respiration. ...

Digestion. ...

Urination. ...

Childbirth.

Thermoregulation

Vision

Organ protection

How is muscle force production controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dtwow0BXW5c&t=183s

Length tension:

https://youtu.be/FT7OABz8I5k?t=110

Force Velocity:

https://youtu.be/zQwSPwHQB28?t=99

1. rate coding (frequency of nerve signal)

2. Fiber type

3. Total number of muscle cells

4. Angle of pull

5. Muscle Temperature

6. length tension relationship

7. Force velocity relationship

8. # of motor units recruited

9. Elasticity

Grouped or packed tubes of myofibrils

Muscle Bundle AKA fasciculus

Describe briefly how a muscle contracts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTZnBdeIb5c

The muscle bundle shortens from the sum effort of a large group of muscle cells pulling simultaneously through a ratcheting mechanism of their small protein filaments (Actin & Myosin).

AKA - Sliding Filament theory

How does the brain differentiate between small force and large force requirements

selective Stimulation/recruitment of various amounts of motor units based on need.

what effects the ratio of slow to fast twitch fibers in humans?

Genetics

elite sprinters have a ratio of ___________ fast to ___________ slow twitch

80% Fast

20% Slow

why is oxygen so important

Essential ingredient for energy production. (oxidative phosphorylation)

How many Alveoli are in our lungs?

Millions

What is the combined surface area of the lungs Alveoli?

80 square meters

The smallest branch of the closed circulatory system, where the arteries converge with the veins.

capillary

exchanging of gases from the body via the lungs and heart.

respiration

average resting respiration rate

12-18/min

respiration rate during cardiovascular demands?

35/min

Main function of the circulatory system

Transport and Distribution

volume of blood in a human

4-5 liters

Types of blood cells include:

Platelets, WBC, RBC

Helps fight infection

WBC

Helps form blood clots for healing

Platelets

Carry oxygen

RBC

Blood plasma is made of __________% water?

90%

Carries blood away from the heart

Arteries

largest blood vessels are located

Near the heart

How long does it take for blood to travel a complete loop in the circulatory system

20-30seconds

Resting heart rate =

60-80 BPM

Deoxygenated blood enters the ________ side of the heart.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dX9SAgzLwXk&t=504s

right atrium

oxygnated blood leaves the heart from the _________

left atrium

HR during intense exercise can reach

120 - 200 BPM

Formula for determining your Max target HR

220 - age

What is HRR

Heart rate recovery

What does HRR measure

how much your heart rate drops (recovers) after 1 minute of rest

IOW: heart health

How is HRR calculated

1. Work out to your targeted HR range & record the Target HR # (THR)

2. Rest for 1 minute and measure the HR (RHR1')

3. Do the math: THR - RHR1' = HRR

Peak heart rate – heart rate after one minute = heart rate recovery

What is a great, good and bad HRR?

Great: 30

Good: 20-29

Bad: less than

Can the heart adapt?

How?

Yes, through training loads (weight training & cardiovascular work)

What decisions might one considered when wanting to compete in sport?

Genetics

whats more important?

1. technique and drive

2. Genetics?

Hard work beats talent when talent doesn't work hard

How many bones does a newborn have

305

Why do you suppose a child's bones are softer than an adult?

Less likely to brake as they develop the proprioceptive system.

Fitting through the birth canal

Name the portion of the skeleton

Axial skeleton

Name the portion of the skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Name the body part in the image highlighted green

Intervertebral Discs

What is the function of the disc

Shock absorption

Flexibility

What is the function of the long bones of the appendicular skeleton

Levers for force/power production

How many bones are in the hands

54

Why are the carpal bones small

IOW: what is their function based on their design?

1. Flexibility for small movements tasks

2. Absorb impact

What are the three types of skeletal joints

1. Fibrous

2. Cartilaginous

3. Synovial

Immovable joints

fibrous joints

cartilaginous joints

partially moveable joints

Synovial Joints

freely movable joints

6 types of synovial joints

ball and socket

gliding

ovoid

Saddle

Hinge

Pivot

Why are the ball and socket and hinge joint so important for sport?

they allow for a large Range Of Motion (ROM)

Of the 6 types of synovial joints, which are crucial for sport performance

Ball and socket

Hinge

What aids in keeping the ball and socket joint's stable

Labrum

What is the Labrum

a soft circumferential tissue extension of the bone (ligament) made of tough fibrous tissue

Hinge joint's allow movement how?

One plane only

How many muscles in the human body

about 600 with some variances

Voluntary (Somatic) muscles

skeletal muscle

Involuntary (Autonomic)

cardiac & Smooth muscle (Organ, etc)

T/F - Muscle cells are either on (full Force) or off

True

Describe the architecture of a muscle belly

tubes within parallel tubes (bundles), until you get to the muscle cell fiber itself.

All encased in connective tissue (fascia)

33:39

A series of muscle protein filaments joined end to end

Myofibrils

When does a muscle relax

When the nerve impulse from the brain stops

What structure (wire) sends the signal to the muscle from the brain

Motor Neuron

1 motor neuron serves .......

a small number of muscle fibers (10-100)

The motor neuron and all the fibers it connects to

Motor unit

What allows for more precise motor control in the eyes and hands?

small motor units

What is a small motor unit

A single motor neuron supplying a small number of muscle fibers in a muscle bundle

What is a large motor unit

a single motor neuron supplying large numbers of muscle fibers

Why are maximal muscle contractions short lived?

Energy supply (ATP) diminishes quickly

What is ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Where is ATP stored

Mitochondria

Two types of Skeletal muscles are .....

Fast and slow twitch fibers

What activities require fast twitch fibers

Explosive sports

What activities require slow twitch fibers

endurance sports

The average human has roughly _______ % fast twitch fibers

60%

The average human has roughly _______ % slow twitch fibers

40%

Muscle force is transmitted to bones via

Tendons

describe the shape of the muscle transition to tendon

tapered

Tendons are strong and slightly elastic, stretching by about ______%

5%

Why is tendon elasticity important.

Shock absorption & tear prevention

Muscles can stretch to about ______ % of their resting length

130%

To produce movement, a muscle must

cross a joint and attach to different bones

the two names for where a tendon attaches to a bone

Origin

Insertion

Muscles only ever _______

pull

Flexion

joint angle decreases

Extension

Joint angle increases

Agonist muscle

the muscle doing the movement

antagonist

The muscle responsible for the opposite movement

for the movement to occur, the antagonist has to ......

relax and stretch

precision movements are created by ...

A continues adjusted balance from the brain, b/w two apposing forces of the agonist, antagonist.

Movement away from the bodies midline

Abduction

Movement towards the bodies midline

Adduction

twisting movement of a joint

rotation

what monitors and controls the functions of the skeletal muscles

nervous system

Lung volume is roughly

9 liters of air

how does 02 get to the working muscles?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVU_zANtroE&t=132s

Absorbed into the blood stream in the lungs and transported