the progressive era

Immigration

  • The increase of industrial jobs encouraged large numbers of European immigrants to settle in cities in the Northeast
  • Chinese settled mainly in the West, working on railroads until immgration was halted for 10 years.
  • American nativism along with prejudice and violence began to rise in the United States.
  • Nativism is treating a person differently simply because of what their native status means (they will be treated differently simply because they werent born here)

Urbanization

  • As the population of cities grew, urban areas offered jobs and entertainment, but crime & disease became serious problems.
  • New industrial technology such as skyscrapers, elevators, and trolley cars, helped cities expand.
  • Political machines, such as Tammany Hall, with their corrupt practices, emerged.
  • A distinct class system developed where lifestyles of the wealthy were in stark contrast to the middle and working classes.

Social Darwinism & Social Reform

  • Social Darwinism, the idea of the survival of the fittest, emerged.
  • Change in views of the government.
  • Hayes and Cleveland became important social reformers.
  • Reformers developed new ideas to help urban poor with the government taking more of a role in helping those in need.
  • Congress imposed multiple reforms and tariffs and political parties split.
  • Saloons, sports, amusement parks, vaudeville, and ragtime are important parts of popular culture.
  • New forms of realist and naturalist art and literature evolve.

Politics of the Guilded Age

  • Industrialization and new technology increased farm production and made shipping farm products easier.
  • To increase political power farmers founded the Grange, the Alliance, and the Populist Party, when huge surpluses drove down food prices.
  • To end patronage and limit terms, civil service reform was promoted.

The Rise of Segregation

  • African Americans’ rights were lost when states added polling taxes, or required literacy tests, and passed Jim Crow laws.
  • Plessy v. Ferguson upheld segregation laws.
  • Education and civil rights became the primary goals of African American leaders.

Who were the progressives?

  • Reacting against laissez - faire economics & focus on open market
  • Belief that industrialization & urbanization created many problems.
  • Belonged to both major political parties.
  • Urban, educated, middle class Americans.
  • Government should help fix society problems - but government needed to be fixed first.
  • Science & technology could help.

The Muckrakers

  • First people to express progressive ideas were journalists who investigated and reported on social conditions & political dishonesty.
  • President Theodore Roosevelt called these people “muckrakers”
    • Muckraker - a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in society
  • Ida Tarbell & Charles Edward Russell: Unfair actions of large corporations
  • Lincoln Steffens - Vote stealing & political activities
  • Jacob Riis - photographs & descriptions of the poverty, disease and crime in New York City

Making Government more efficient

  • Increasing government efficiency without wasting time, energy or resources.

    Frederick W. Taylor’s The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) described the way a company could be more efficient

  • City leaders would have supporters or friends run city departments that they did not no much about.

  • Solution 1: Commission Plan

    • Divided city government into several departments under a commissioner
  • Solution 2: Council Manager

    • System Employed a city manager who was hired by the city council

Democratic reforms

  • Governor Robert M. La Follette made Wisconsin a “laboratory of democracy”
  • Direct primary - everyone in the political party could vote for the candidate they wanted to nominate
  • Initiative - the right of citizens to place a measure or issue before the voeter or the legislature for approval
  • Referendum - the practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature
  • Recall - the right that enables voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from office.

Rights for Women

  • Suffrage - The Right to Vote
  • Seneca Falls, New York 1848
    • But still woman did not have the right to vote decades later
  • State by state basis starting in the west
  • Prohibition Movement - the movement to ban alcohol

Progressives v. Big Business

  • Child Labor
    • Traditionally worked on farms
    • John Spargo’s The Bitter Cry of the Children
  • Health & Safety Codes
    • Factories, coal mines & railroads were all very dangerous
    • Workers & families were not compensated for getting hurt/death
    • Varying Supreme Court Cases
    • Lochner v. New York (1905)
    • Muller v. Oregon (1908)
    • Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
    • Zoning Laws

Roosevelt as President

  • President at age 42 (youngest person to take office at that time)
  • International affairs → Social Darwinist
  • Domestically → Committed progressive
  • Believed that government should balance the needs of competing groups in U.S. society
  • Square Deal = Reform Programs

Conservation

  • Roosevelt was an outdoors enthusiast
  • Thought America’s land was being used up to quickly
  • 1902: Newland Reclamation Act
  • Appointed conservationist Gifford Pinchot to the United States Forest Service. This would end up helping to form the EPA.
    • Regulations to control lumbering on federal lands
    • Five new national parks and fifty one wildlife reservations

Roosevelt Takes on Trusts

  • Thought that trusts & other large business organizations were efficient.
  • Trusts are monopolies
  • Thought some monopolies hurt the public due to abuse of power.
  • First target: J.P Morgan’s railroad holding company, Northern Securities
    • Company planned to exchange stock to merge different railroad systems to create a monopoly on railroad traffic.

Northern Securities & Commerce Clause

  • Farmers & businesses were afraid of shipping prices
  • Roosevelt ordered the attorney general to sue Northern Securities
    • AG used the Sherman Antitrust Act to charge Northern Securities with restraint of trade
  • Supreme Court ruled that Morgan’s firm had not followed the Sherman Antitrust Act & Roosevelt was praised as a “trustbuster” & his population with the public grew.

The Coal Strike of 1902

  • Roosevelt tried to settle conflicts among various groups in order to run the country smoothly.
  • Helped resolve a coal strike between mine owners and nearly 150,000 members of the United Mine Workers
    • Workers: better pay, fewer hours, union recognition
    • Strike → coal shortage throughout the countries
  • Roosevelt had the groups move towards arbitration.
  • Roosevelt threatened the army if the owners did not accept

Regulating Big Business

  • Roosevelt: Generally favored anti trust to maintain large American trusts (efficient & global appeal)
    • Example: U.S. Steel
  • Progressive Roosevelt valued efficiency & United States had to be a world power both militarily and economically.
  • Disliked the possibility for corruption and harm to the public good. Compromise → Federal agency to investigate corporations and publicize the findings.
  • Best way to prevent big business from abusing its power and government was to keep the public informed
  • 1903: Department of Commerce & Labor U.S. Steel investigation
    • Roosevelt worked to deescalate the situation.
    • Allowed regulation.
  • 1906: Hepburn Act → Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set railroad prices.
  • 1905: Consumer Protection became a national issue
    • Samuel Hopkins Adams → Patent medicine business
    • Food: The Jungle by Upton Sinclair & Dr. W. H. Wiley
  • Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act = Food and Drug Administration

Roosevelt’s Legacy

  • Expanded the power of the federal government
  • Americans looked to the federal government to solve the nation’s economic and social problems.
  • Supported his secretary of war: William Howard Taft

Taft Angered Progressives

  • Tariffs = Controversial Issues
    • Higher Tariffs → Less Competition
    • Conservatives
    • Lower Tariffs → More Competition
  • Progressives Taft signed a law: Payne Aldrich Tariff
  • 1909: Replaced Roosevelt’s James R. Garfield with Richard A. Ballinger
    • Goes against conservation. Ballinger opened nearly a million acres of public lands to private development.
    • Fired Gifford Pinchot for investigating the deal
  • Many Democratic victories in the midterm due to people being upset with Taft

Taft Achievements

  • Continued antitrust cases
  • 1912: established the Children’s Bureau, an agency which investigated and made public the problems of child labor
  • 1910: Bureau of Mines (favors conservation)
  • Taft did not continue Roosevelt’s idea of cooperation and regulation with big business
  • Roosevelt will run in a new party “Bull Moose Party” against Taft “Rebpulican” in the next election.

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