Unit 1- Chemistry of LIfe

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213 Terms

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4 big biology ideas
evolution, energetics, info storage+transmissions, and system interactions
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Biology
the study of life, gives us an organized way of understanding ourselves, other living things, and the world
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Biologists
scientists that study life, explore the underlying principles and processes that shape and mold biological organism
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Organisms
living things/ beings that display all of the properties of life
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Gene
unit of heredity
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Genome
all the genetic info an organism contains, help find ways to fight disease in people, animals, and plants, endangered species and evolution
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Cells
simplest self-reproducing unit that can exist independently
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Purpose of biology
helps us learn world processes, investigate life, ask scientific questions, and make informed bio decisions
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4 big biology ideas
evolution, energetics, info storage and transmissions, and system interactions
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Species
group of interbreeding organisms that produce fertile offspring, usually distinct by form, behavior, or biochemical properties
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Unity and diversity of life
distinct trait that differentiates types but similarities can explain similarities
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Evolution
a general and powerful explanation of how life works and changes over time, explains unity and diversity of life, concept that unites all of biology, key principle of life, one of the most significant theories in biology
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Natural selection
described by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, mechanism of evolution in which some individuals survive and produce more than others in the environment, passing variation
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Natural selection skills
nervous, sensory, musculoskeletal, endocrine, circulatory, and respiratory systems, makes predator and prey interactions
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Artificial selection
humans decide the best traits, decide which trait reproduces
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Competition
fighting for resources, natural selection, the winner continues
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Energy
ability to work, necessary for life, needed to survive, grow, move, and reproduce
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Energetics
examines properties of energy, how energy is distributed in bio, chemistry, and physical processes
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Information
instructions that all cells have that in part determine what they look like and the function
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DNA
where cell information is stored, carrier of all genetic information, need access to grow and carry out functions, guides the development of offspring
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System
a group of things that function together as a whole, can be small or large and involve necessary nonliving materials
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Biotic
living organisms
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Abiotic
nonliving components
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Biological system
biotic and abiotic entities that interact, have complex properties, and interacting components show life
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Emergent property
a property of a system that the individual parts don’t have on their own
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Robustness
ability to tolerate and respond to environmental change
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Scientific inquiry
process scientists use to ask questions and seek answers about the natural world in a deliberate and ordered way, explain how natural phenomena occur, exploration, investigation, and communications
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Exploration phase
the first step of scientific inquiry, make observations and ask questions
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Observation
the act of viewing the world around us, allows us to make focused questions about nature, fundamental component of thinking like a scientific
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Hypothesis
tentative explanation for one or more observations, make predictions that can be tested by experimentation or additional observations
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Controlled experiment
now of the most powerful types of experiments, at least two groups tested, identical test and set up but with one single variable change
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Test group/ experimental group
group experiencing the change/ variable
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Control group
not exposed to a variable, determine if variable accounts for any change
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Independent variable
variable manipulated to test hypothesis, “independent” can be manipulated
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Dependent variable
result of the experiment, “dependent” vary based on independent variable
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Negative control group
control group, expect to see no effect, test again that independent variable causes the change
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Positive control group
receives a variable with a known trait
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Data
the bedrock of science, observations, measurements, and facts, qualitative or quantitative
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Qualitative
descriptive
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Quantitative
number form, statistical analysis
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Statistical analysis
interpret the collected data- averages, spreads, and reals from groups
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Null hypothesis
predicts that an invention or treatment has no effect, chance, and not the variable, says there is not a real difference between the controlled and independent variable
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Alternate hypothesis
predicts that the invention or treatment has an effect, says that the difference between the control and independent variable is real
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P-value
expresses the likelihood that an observation was by chance, a probability
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P-value less than or equal to 0.05/ 5%
there is equal to or less than a 5% chance an observation was seen by chance and rejects the null hypothesis
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P-value greater than 0.05/ 5%
the observation was most likely taken by chance and fails to reject the null hypothesis
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Error bar
a short vertical line showing a range of values, graphically shows uncertainty, shows a range of values that incorporate small differences among individuals and inaccuracies
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Communicating findings
critical step in scientific inquiry and guides research and public action, communicated through journals, meetings, and conferences, and informs the public and other scientists leading to more questions
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Original hypotheses
tentative and provide one or several possible ways to explain an observation
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"good" hypotheses
repeated observation and experimentation, gathers strength and researchers become more confident
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Theory
related hypotheses survive repeated testing and become accepted as a good basis for explaining what is seen in nature; a general explanation of the world supported by a large body of experimental evidence and observation, generates hypotheses ad predicts the outcomes
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Hypotheses as a theory
withstood testing and has a general explanation for many results
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Appropriate precision/ significant figures
indicate the precision of a measurement, the more significant figures the more precise
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Average
individual pieces of data represented as one single number
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Mean
most common average, add up all values in the data set and divide by the number of data pieces in the data set
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Median
middle value in a group of values, less influenced by the extremes than the mean
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Outlier
a data point that is very different from the others
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Mode
the value that shows up the most
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Distribution
the spread of all numbers in experimental results
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Normal distribution
natural phenomena graph, smooth, bell-shaped curve, the peak is the mode, and the middle is the median
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Range
a way to quantify how spread out the data is, the highest value mimics the lowest, highly influenced by outliers
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Standard deviation (S)
shows spread, how far data in the data set are from the mean, smaller means data points are closer to the mean and vice versa
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Percent change
change in percent
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Human error
how human error was avoided
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Calibration/ instrument error
how it was avoided, calibrate and check instruments
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Material error
defective material, should be consistent
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Measurement error
error in measurement, the more measurements the more room for error
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Uncontrolled variable
random things like humidity, leads to further questions
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N
population size
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n
sample size
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mean
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S
standard deviation, variation in sample
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xi
data points
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Σ
semation
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N-1
degrees of freedom
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SEX
confidence or precision of a measurement or answer
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Matter
anything that has mass and takes up space, material that makes up physical objects, a gas, liquid, or solid
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Atom
the basic unit of matter
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Molecules
chemicals made up of two or more atoms
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Carbon-rich organic molecules
an energy source for many organisms
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Sun
the entry point for energy into living systems, photosythsised
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Nucleus
the dense center of an atom
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Protons
positively charged particles in the nucleus, determine the element
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Neutrons
electrically neutral particles in the nucleus, determine the isotope and how radioactive it is
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Electrons
negatively charged particles in the nucleus, determine its reactivity
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Atomic number
number of protons, subscript
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Element
a chemical that can’t be further broken down, specified by the atomic number
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Atomic mass
the total mass of an atom, number of protons and neutrons, subscript to the left of the symbol, the number of neutrons can differ and change its mass
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Isotopes
atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
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Energy level or electron shell
area in the space where the electron circles the nucleus
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Valence electrons
electrons in the outermost energy level
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Periodic table of elements
describes valence electrons and their properties, arranged by the atomic number, elements in the same row have the same energy levels, across the row elements to the right have one more electrons
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Family/ group
vertical column, the same number of electrons in the outermost ring/ level, determine how elements interact to form a diversity of molecules
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
the four elements common to all organisms
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Molecules
groups of 2 or more atoms bonded together to act as a single unit
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Chemical bond
how individual atoms interact, type of attraction between atoms that hold them together
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Ion
bond where one atom is electronegative and it takes an electron that is less electronegative
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Chemical reaction
a process where atoms or molecules are transformed into different molecules
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Reactants
atoms or molecules that are changed in a chemical reaction
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Products
molecules formed from a reaction