Biology Honors - Midterm Exam

biological hierarchy/levels of organization

atom → molecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere

characteristics of life

* has cells
* genetic material
* can reproduce
* regulate internal environment/homeostasis
* obtain and use energy
* grow and develop
* respond to stimuli
* adapt and evolve

CHNOPS

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things

prokaryotic cell

simple, unicellular organisms that don't have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryote (example)

bacteria

Eukarytoic Cells

There are nuclei (a nucleus in each) in these cells. Larger cells, have membrane-bound organelles, appeared later in fossil record, more advance, more complex.

Eukaryote (Example)

plants, animals, fungi

cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Nucleus (cell)

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Ribosome

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Mitochondria

\-Power-house of the cell

\-organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP (Energy)

cell wall

\-A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

\-Composed of cellulose

phosopholipid bilayer

composition of cell membrane, two layers of phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

Hydrophilic

Attracted to water

Semi-permeable

characteristic of a cell membrane which allows some molecules to pass through but not others

Scientific Method

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

Hypothesis

\-A testable prediction, often supported by research.

\-An educated guess

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the data collected in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Constants

Conditions that stay the same in the experiment

Biosphere

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

Ecosystem

A community of living organisms and their abiotic environment

Organism

An individual living thing

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

qualitative data

Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic

Quantitative data

numerical data

organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Atoms

smallest unit of matter

Molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

nucleic acids (Function)

stores and transmits genetic information

nucleic acid (Monomer)

nucleotide

nucleotide (Image)

nucleic Acid (Examples)

DNA and RNA

Protein (Function)

builds and repairs muscle, body movement, defend against germs or viruses, speeds up chemical reactions

Protein (Monomer)

amino acids

Amino Acid (Image)

Lipids (Function)

\-long term energy storage stored as fat

\-makes up cell membranes

Saturated Fat (Description)

\-A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms.

\-Solid at room temperature

Saturated Fat (Examples)

Butter, animal fats, shortening (crisco)

Unsaturated Fat (Description)

\-A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

\-Liquid at room temperature

Unsaturated Fat (Examples)

olive oil, vegetable oil, fish oil, coconut oil, etc.

Lipid (Image)

Carbohydrate (Function)

short term energy storage, main source of energy, makes up the cell wall of plants

Carbohydrate (Examples)

sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose

Carbohydrate (Monomer)

monosaccharide (glucose)

Glucose (Image)

Polysaccharide (Image)

Starch (Function)

short-term energy storage in plants

Glycogen (Function)

short-term energy storage in animals

Cellulose (Function)

component of plant cell walls

Monomer

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Polymer

molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Homeostasis (Definition)

the balance and maintenance of constant internal conditions

positive feedback loop

Feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction.

negative feedback loop

A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.

Stimulus

any event or situation that evokes a response

response

An action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus.

Effector

An organ (a gland or muscle) that becomes active in response to nerve impulses from the brain.

set point

the "normal" range that an environmental parameter is to be controlled. (Body temp, blood sugar levels)

cell theory

\-idea that all living things are composed of cells

\

-new cells are produced from existing cells

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Diffusion (Passive Transport)

\-Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

\-Requires NO ENERGY!

concentration gradient

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

Vacuole

A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area and supports structure

Lysosome

A small, round cell structure containing enzymes

Which evolved first - prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

prokaryotes

prokaryotes have no

no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles

Carb Elements

CHO

Lipid Elements

CHO

Protein Elements

CHON (S)

Nucleic Acid Elements

CHONP

peptide bond

Bonds that connect amino acids.

polypeptide bond

long chain of amino acids

Structure determines

function

enzyme

protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions

denatured protein

when a protein loses its shape and its function

Osmosis helps homeostasis by...

regulating water in the body

kinetic energy

the energy an object has due to its motion

potential energy

energy that is stored and held in readiness

chemical energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds

atp

adenosine triphosphate

atp cycle

ADP forms when ATP loses a phosphate group, then ATP forms as ADP gains a phosphate group.

what is the purpose of cellular respiration

makes ATP for cells to use

How are breathing and cellular respiration related?

the inhaled oxygen goes into your bloodstream and is used in cellular respiration, and co2 is exhaled as a waste product

aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

cellular respiration equation

C6 H12 06 + 6O2 \---\> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

why do we need atp

ATP is the energy needed for our cells to do work

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm