atom → molecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere
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characteristics of life
has cells
genetic material
can reproduce
regulate internal environment/homeostasis
obtain and use energy
grow and develop
respond to stimuli
adapt and evolve
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CHNOPS
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
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Cell
The basic unit of structure and function in living things
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prokaryotic cell
simple, unicellular organisms that don't have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
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Prokaryote (example)
bacteria
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Eukarytoic Cells
There are nuclei (a nucleus in each) in these cells. Larger cells, have membrane-bound organelles, appeared later in fossil record, more advance, more complex.
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Eukaryote (Example)
plants, animals, fungi
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cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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Nucleus (cell)
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
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Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
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Organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
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Ribosome
Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.
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Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
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Mitochondria
\-Power-house of the cell
\-organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP (Energy)
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cell wall
\-A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
\-Composed of cellulose
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phosopholipid bilayer
composition of cell membrane, two layers of phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail
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Hydrophobic
Water fearing
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Hydrophilic
Attracted to water
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Semi-permeable
characteristic of a cell membrane which allows some molecules to pass through but not others
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Scientific Method
A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem
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Hypothesis
\-A testable prediction, often supported by research.
\-An educated guess
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dependent variable
The outcome factor; the data collected in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
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independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
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control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
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Constants
Conditions that stay the same in the experiment
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Biosphere
part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
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Ecosystem
A community of living organisms and their abiotic environment
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Organism
An individual living thing
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Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
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Community
All the different populations that live together in an area
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qualitative data
Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic
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Quantitative data
numerical data
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organ system
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
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Tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
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Atoms
smallest unit of matter
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Molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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nucleic acids (Function)
stores and transmits genetic information
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nucleic acid (Monomer)
nucleotide
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nucleotide (Image)
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nucleic Acid (Examples)
DNA and RNA
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Protein (Function)
builds and repairs muscle, body movement, defend against germs or viruses, speeds up chemical reactions
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Protein (Monomer)
amino acids
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Amino Acid (Image)
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Lipids (Function)
\-long term energy storage stored as fat
\-makes up cell membranes
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Saturated Fat (Description)
\-A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms.
\-Solid at room temperature
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Saturated Fat (Examples)
Butter, animal fats, shortening (crisco)
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Unsaturated Fat (Description)
\-A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
\-Liquid at room temperature
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Unsaturated Fat (Examples)
olive oil, vegetable oil, fish oil, coconut oil, etc.
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Lipid (Image)
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Carbohydrate (Function)
short term energy storage, main source of energy, makes up the cell wall of plants
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Carbohydrate (Examples)
sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose
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Carbohydrate (Monomer)
monosaccharide (glucose)
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Glucose (Image)
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Polysaccharide (Image)
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Starch (Function)
short-term energy storage in plants
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Glycogen (Function)
short-term energy storage in animals
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Cellulose (Function)
component of plant cell walls
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Monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
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Polymer
molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules
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dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.
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Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
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Homeostasis (Definition)
the balance and maintenance of constant internal conditions
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positive feedback loop
Feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction.
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negative feedback loop
A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.
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Stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response
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response
An action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus.
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Effector
An organ (a gland or muscle) that becomes active in response to nerve impulses from the brain.
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set point
the "normal" range that an environmental parameter is to be controlled. (Body temp, blood sugar levels)
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cell theory
\-idea that all living things are composed of cells
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-new cells are produced from existing cells
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Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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Diffusion (Passive Transport)
\-Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
\-Requires NO ENERGY!
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concentration gradient
difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another
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Vacuole
A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area and supports structure
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Lysosome
A small, round cell structure containing enzymes
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Which evolved first - prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
prokaryotes
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prokaryotes have no
no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
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Carb Elements
CHO
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Lipid Elements
CHO
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Protein Elements
CHON (S)
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Nucleic Acid Elements
CHONP
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peptide bond
Bonds that connect amino acids.
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polypeptide bond
long chain of amino acids
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Structure determines
function
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enzyme
protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions
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denatured protein
when a protein loses its shape and its function
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Osmosis helps homeostasis by...
regulating water in the body
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kinetic energy
the energy an object has due to its motion
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potential energy
energy that is stored and held in readiness
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chemical energy
Energy stored in chemical bonds
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atp
adenosine triphosphate
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atp cycle
ADP forms when ATP loses a phosphate group, then ATP forms as ADP gains a phosphate group.
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what is the purpose of cellular respiration
makes ATP for cells to use
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How are breathing and cellular respiration related?
the inhaled oxygen goes into your bloodstream and is used in cellular respiration, and co2 is exhaled as a waste product
Studied by 15 people
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