human sexual behavior 2

second exam :)

Proximity

Familiarity breeds liking/we tend to pick people that are geographically close to us

Inhibited/Introverted exhibitionism

more typical characteristics

What are the health risks with anal stimulation? What can you do to lessen the risk?

Health Risks:

* anal sphincter is incredibly sensitive snd fragile
* risky for HIV transmission, particularly for receptive partner

Tricks of the Trade:

* lubrication!!
* start smaller
* must be relaxed
* order of events critical

What is sexual response?

a complex process involving both psychological and physiological factors that are highly intertwined

What are common pathways for sexual response?

Nervous System and the Brain

Explain the nervous sytSem pathway for sexual response.

Genitals > Spinal Cord > Brain (afferent) > Genitals through Spinal Cord (efferent)

Explain the brain's pathway for sexual response.

2 Main Areas of Brain Involvement:

* Cortical
* Subcortical

Explain the subcortical brain's relationship to sexual response?

Limbic System: cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

* MPOA: Opiate drugs (Harder to get an erection/have an orgasm) and dopamine (disregulation may lead to higher sexual behavior)
* Nucleus accumbens and orgasm

Neurotransmitters involved in sexual response

Serotonin and dopamine

Is there a sex center of the brain?

NO sex center of the brain identified, but there are important structures!

What are the phases of Masters and Johnson's sexual arousal model?

1. Excitement phase
2. Plateau phase
3. Orgasm phase
4. Resolution phase

Describe the Excitement phase.

Vasocongestion of genitals

* penis, testes
* clitoris, labia, vagina, nipples
Myotonia (increase in muscle tension)
Increased heart rate
* testes elevate
* vestibular majora opens
Increased Blood Pressure
* scrotum thickens
* labia majora opens
Sex Flush
* less common in men
* more common in women

myotonia

increase in muscle tension

Describe the Plateau phase.

Increased Myotonia

* Cowper's secretion at end (M)
* outermost 3rd of vagina swells
Increased Heart rate
* testes elevate further and rotate
* clitoris more erect
Increased blood pressure
* labia minora deepens in color (F)
Increased breathing
* Bartholin's secretion (F) Increased vasocongestion More Noticeable sex flush

Describe the Orgasm phase.

Series of Muscular Contractions at Peak of Arousal

* emission phase: seminal fluid gathers in urethral bulb (M)
* contractions of platforms (F)
Indistinguishable Subjective Descriptions btw Men and Women
* expulsion phase: semen expelled (M)
* contractions of uterus and rectal sphincter (F)
Release of Acetylcholine and Nitric Oxide
* rectal sphincter contracts (M)

Describe the Resolution phase.

Rapid to Slow Return to Unaroused State

* loss of erection, testes descend
* clitoris descends, labia minora and majora close and fade in color
Decreased Heart Rate, Breath, and Blood Pressure
* scrotum thins
Relaxation
* refractory period
* capable of return to orgasmic peak

Describe Kaplan's model of sexual response.

Desire:

* distinct, but not required (one of the unique factors of this model)
* originally thought of as a great addition, but this is not a true part of many people's sexual behavior

Excitement

Orgasm

Describe Zilderberg and Ellison's model of sexual response.

Expanded M and J's work to include EXPERIENCES of subjects \n (1) Sexual desire \n (2) Arousal (excitement) \n (3) Readiness (vasocongestion) \n (4) Orgasm (myotonia and resolution) \n (5) Satisfaction (person's subjective evaluation of experience)

Describe Basson's model of sexual response

Basson's model includes contextual factors of sexual arousal for women

What are the issues with the traditional "model" views of sexual response?

They did not consider the importance of psychological factors and intimacy

Define multiple orgasms.

* definitions can be tricky
* occur in women
* prevalence in women is reported low...why? Doesn't fit with sex themes constricting women and maybe some women never tried
* not to be confused with serial orgasms: a physiological response dissipates and builds back up

serial orgasm

a physiological response dissipates and builds back up

What are the types of female orgasms?

1. From Penetration
2. From clitoral stimulation
3. From both

Describe female ejaculation.

* female ejaculation is (if a lot; enough to soak a bed) is mostly urine
* female ejaculation is normally \~2 oz of skene's gland secretion
* age related changes

Describe the erogenous zones.

Primary: genitals, breasts, face, mouth \n Secondary: learned or conditioned (association through reward \[sex\])

Describe the senses as related to arousal and orgasm

Touch: dominant "sexual sense"

* Vision is usually 2nd dominant (pornography, Victoria secret shit)
* Smell may arouse OR offend (body odor could be hot or nasty depending on the person)...very individualistic
* Taste plays a minor role
* Hearing plays a variable role (more than just arousing or distracting...may be helpful depending on preference)

Describe Aphrodisiacs and the research on them.

* phallic-shaped foods and other substances have aphrodisiac status
* alcohol is NOT an aphrodisiac, but does release inhibitions
* Yohimbine is shown to potentially be a real aphrodisiac

Describe Anaphrodisiacs and the research on them.

\- other drugs shown to be anaphrodisiacs (ex. birth control, opiates, antidepressants, etc.)

How do you define sexual behavior?

* people differ on what they consider sexual behavior
* sex is an interactive process that needs to take context into account
* a series of activities that have 3 main goals: 1. pleasure 2. bondings 3. increasing knowledge

Define celibacy. What types are there?

Celibacy is when an adult does not engage in sexual activity
Types:

* Complete: does not engage in individual or partner
* Partial: engages in individual sexual activity ONLY

What are the reasons for choosing celibacy?

* different reasons for choosing this form of sexual expression
* sometimes not a choice (ex. a good partner may not be available)

Define erotic dreams. Discuss the research

* sexual dreams may occur during sleep without conscious direction
* research studies show over 90% of men and 80% of women experience erotic dreams
* orgasms can occur in dreams (around 30% of women...but these are self-report so some women may not report it!! More common in men)

Define fantasies.

Erotic waking fantasies commonly occur during daydreams, masturbation, or sexual encounters with a partner

What are the functions of fantasies

* facilitate arousal
* imagine activities/rehearse (build confidence)
* relieve boredom - enhance negative experiences
* tolerable expression of "forbidden wishes"
* relief from gender role stereotypes
* reduce anxieties

What are some common aspects of erotic fantasies?

* most people can draw the line btw fantasy and reality (but, not all can)
* similar frequency and varied range for M and W
* men's fantasies tend to be more active, women more submissive

Pros and Cons of Fantasies

Pros:

* healthy and helpful aspect of sexuality
* can help ppl experience arousal and orgasm during sexual desire
* Abuse victims may use particular fantasies to aster their past traumas

Cons:

* influence of guilt
* fantasy has double standards
* not everybody can form a distinct boundary btw fantasy and the real world

Define masturbation.

Self-stimulation (autoeroticism)

How was masturbation thought of in history?

* source of controversy and social concern throughout history
* clouded in a history of misinformation and shame
* rooted in our own themes
* there have been many efforts to stop masturbation (tying ppl down, eating certain foods \[ex. corn flakes boring\], outlawing sex toys, chastity-like garments)

Why masturbate?

* pleasure
* relieve sexual tension
* to understand what you like sexually

Men: increase ejaculatory control
Women: learn to experience orgasm

Discuss the concept of virginity.

Socially based construct that can be difficult to define.

“sexual debt”

a more inclusive term for virginity. It is commonly used in literature

Discuss oral sex for couples

couples often find giving and receiving pleasurable \n - some have moral issues with oral sex (older couples think it is more intimate)

cunnilingus

Oral sex on women

Fellation

Oral sex on men

Discuss tantric sex practices.

focused on couples' connection and deep connection

* meditative quality
* slower trusting movement
* delayed orgasm
* synchrony in breath helps

Discuss the frequency of anal stimulation.

Thought to be a "homosexual act," but is not really

* Practiced regularly by 10% of heterosexual couples
* Estimated 35-40% of adults have experiences anal intercourse at least once

What is the big misconception about sex in lesbian relationships?

that sex is unsatisfactory because a penis is lacking

Discuss satisfaction rates in lesbian couples.

Lesbian couples report higher rates of orgasm and greater % of sexual encounters than heterosexual women (because W to W sexual relations tend to be longer and involve more all over body sensuality)

Define tribadism.

Sexual activity between women where they rub their genitals together. Very popular!

What are the misconceptions about sexual activity between gay men?

Sex between men is completely genitally focused. \n \n FALSE! In reality, extragenital eroticism is important

What are the most popular sexual activities for gay men?

(1) Fellatio \n (2) Mutual Masturbation \n Least common: Anal \n Also quite common: Interfemoral sex (penis between thighs of partner)

Discuss the Kink vs. Vanilla spectrum.

There is a spectrum in things we talk about when discussing kinks (one things loved by one and hated by another)

Exhibitionism

to display one's genitals or other intimate body parts or to behave sexually in public.

Zoophilia

a paraphilia in which a person experiences a sexual fixation on non-human animals.

Frotteurism

the act of touching or rubbing one's genitals up against another person in a sexual manner without their consent, to derive sexual pleasure or reach orgasm

Necrophilia

sexual __intercourse__ with or attraction towards __corpses__.

Fetishism

a form of sexual behavior in which __gratification__ is strongly linked to a particular object or activity or a part of the body other than the sexual organs.

Autoerotic asphyxia

results from intentionally __strangling__ oneself while masturbating, in an attempt to __heighten__ sexual pleasure by limiting the oxygen supply to the brain

Sadism

the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual __gratification__, from __inflicting__ pain, suffering, or __humiliation__ on others.

Masochism

he tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual __gratification__, from one's own pain or __humiliation__

Voyeurism

the practice of gaining sexual pleasure from watching others when they are naked or engaged in sexual activity.

Define fetishism. How does it develop?

Sexual behavior where an individual can ONLY become sexually aroused by focusing on an inanimate object or part of the body (may not be able to achieve orgasm w/o it) \n \n It may not be diagnosable if you and your partner are both OK with it. \n \n Etiological factors: conditioning//symbolic transformation (linked partner to object, so they need it to become aroused)

Coprophilia

sexual arousal by pooping on being pooped on. by partner

Urophilia

sexual arousal from peeing on or being peed on by partner

what is so amazing about sadism?

it requires trust

Lifestyle vs. Play

Play is primarily in the bedroom

lifestyles often have contracts involved

Define exhibitionism.

Refers to behavior in which an individual exposes their genitals to an involuntary observer.

* Obtains sexual gratification by masturbating
* some achieve orgasm from the act itself, other might masturbate while exposing themselves

What are the types of exhibitionism?

unaware

inhibited

assaultive

unaware exhibition

don't know it is happening/not doing it for gratification/mentally unstable

Assaultive exhibition

used paired with another paraphilia

What are typical characteristics of exhibitionism?

more prominent in men in 20s and 30s

* shy, socially anxious, or experiences issues with intimacy
* over half report were married or are married at time of engaging in these behaviors

What are treatments for paraphilia?

Victim identification: changing coercive victim to loved one and seeing how they'd feel

* Covert conditioning: adding guilt or shame layer
* Behavioral therapies: focuses on current behavior (not where it came from) and try to unlearn them
* Systematic Desensitization/Social Skills Training
* Medications
* Aversive Conditioning: goal is to substitute a negative response for a positive response
* Orgasmic Reconditioning: goal is to increase arousal to appropriate stimuli
* Satisfaction Therapy: goal is to reduce the amount o pleasure associated with the inappropriate stimuli

What factors influence mate selection?

Proximity

Physical Attractiveness

Reciprocity

Similarity

Personality

Mere exposure effect

merely being exposed to someone will make you more likely to date them

physical attractiveness

"what is beautiful is good" belief

* there is status by association with an attractive person
* indicative of physical health
* aesthetically pleasing

reciprocity

we tend to like people back who like us

similarity

supportive of values and beliefs (opposites don't always attract \[on the big deal shit\])

personality

evaluation of other's personality using social exchange theory (good and bad weighed against one another)

What is a prerequisite for having a satisfying relationship with others?

Self-love: you need to know your baggage before asking somebody else to carry it

rubin’s love scale

love is made up of attachment, caring, and intimacy. created tests to determine if a person experienced liking or loving

two factor theory of love

focuses on the interaction between physical arousal and how we cognitively label that arousal

Sternberg’s triangular theory of love

describes types of love based on three different scales: intimacy, passion, and commitment

Attachment theory of love

the idea that early emotional bonds with our caregivers impacts our future relationships

arousal theory of love

when an emotion is felt, a physiological arousal occurs and the person uses the immediate environment to search for emotional cues to label the physiological arousal

Lee’s styles of love

eros, Ludus, storge, pragma, mania, agape

eros love

passionate, love at first sight

ludus love

game-playing love

storge love

friendship

pragma

compatibility with partner

ludus + game playing

Mania

completely obsessed

eros +ludus

Agape

selfless love

eros +storge

Gottman’s four : couple theory

there are four communication patterns that predict whether a couple will stay together or break up: criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling

gottmans master couples

commitment to relationship with detachment from childhood hood family/ extended family

5:1 ratio

Five positive communication exchanges for every negative

positive communication techniques

use I language

document

chose battles with evidence

offer choices

bad communication includes

criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, belliergance

critism

Contempt, attack on character

defensiveness

rebuttal

bellierange

in your face style mocking

stonewalling

refusing to communicate