Parenting Styles and Gender Development in Psychology

Authoritarian

Impose rules and expect obedience - (these kids tend to have less social skill and self esteem)

Permissive

Parents submit to their children's desires - make few demands and use little punishment (kids tend to be more aggressive and immature)

Authoritative

Parents are both demanding and responsive - rules are set and enforced - open discussions on rules/expectations - Kids have the highest self esteem and self reliance

Gender

In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

Aggression

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

X Chromosomes

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

Y Chromosomes

The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

Testosterone

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Estrogen

A type of hormone made by the body that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics and the growth of long bones.

Gender Role

A set of expected behaviors for males or for females.

Role

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Gender Typing

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Social Learning Theory

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

Adolescence

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Puberty

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Primary Sexual Characteristics

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that makes sexual reproduction possible.

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Kohlberg's 3 Levels of Moral Development

1. Young children- usually prior to age 9: Preconventional morality 2. Older children, adolescents, and most adults: Conventional morality 3. Rare with adolescents and few adult: Postconventional morality

Identity

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

Social Identity

The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.

Intimacy

In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

Emerging Adulthood

For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.

Menopause

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

Crystallized Intelligence

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

Fluid Intelligence

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

Social Clock

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.