Barrett et al. 1998

Appearance of domesticated animals

________: provided a reservoir for zoonoses.

Human populations

________ are converging into a single global disease ecology.

Sedentism

________: led to larger groups + more interaction between people.

Inevitability

________ of genetic adaptations of microorganisms to the selective conditions posed by human technology and behaviors.

Extension of life expectancy

________: increased morbidity from chronic diseases.

recent phenomenon

Emerging infections: are not a(n) ________ but have always played a major role throughout human history.

migration

Increasing ________ + trade: transmission of diseases.

Rate of emergence of diseases

________: may have increased as tool use allowed exploitation of novel ecological niches and as migration increased.

Exploration + conquest

________: infections of Native Americans leading to pandemics.

Overuse of antibiotics

________ in industrial animal: causes the rise of multi- drug resistant strains of food- borne pathogens.

Emerging infectious diseases

seen as a big problem currently

Emerging infections

are not a recent phenomenon but have always played a major role throughout human history

Using whole nations as units of analysis

buries the differential experience according to race, gender, and class

Rate of emergence of diseases

may have increased as tool use allowed exploitation of novel ecological niches and as migration increased

Sedentism

led to larger groups + more interaction between people

Appearance of domesticated animals

provided a reservoir for zoonoses

Groups that most suffered

women, children, lower classes

Increasing migration + trade

transmission of diseases

Exploration + conquest

infections of Native Americans leading to pandemics

Extension of life expectancy

increased morbidity from chronic diseases

New diseases

contribute to adult mortality

Examples

HIV, Ebola, Marburg, Lyme disease, dengue fever, malaria, tuberculosis

Earlier transmission of HIV to urban Haiti

by more affluent Westerns engaging in sex tourism

Re-emerging infections causes

warmer climates, climatic fluctuations, poorly developed urban environments, increase in mosquito populations, decreases public health expenditures, poverty,

Overuse of antibiotics in industrial animal

causes the rise of multi-drug resistant strains of food-borne pathogens