order of polarity

1

water

2

amides

3

carboxylic acid

4

alcohol

5

ketone

6

aldehydes

7

amine

8

ester

9

ether

10

alkenes (aromatic hydrocarbons)

11

alkanes (unsaturated hydrocarbons)

relationship between polarity and electronegativity

more polar= higher electronegativity

alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, rings

hydrocarbon groups

non-polar

weak acids

low electronegativity

alcohols, ethers, amines, thiols, alkyl-halides

-high polarity due to presence of heteroatoms with high electronegativies

- each heteroatom has higher electronegativity than adjacent carbon and hydrogen

- dipole formed when carbon has partial positive charge and heteroatom has partial negative charge

alderhydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters

carbonyl bond (carbon double bond oxygen)

high polar

can form partial negative bond on oxygen and positive on carbon atom