AP pageant chapters 30 & 31

Scientific Management

A management theory developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor that aimed to improve economic efficiency and labor productivity by analyzing and optimizing workflows. It involved breaking down tasks into smaller, more manageable components and identifying the most efficient way to perform them.

Fordism

A system of mass production and consumption characteristic of the early 20th century, named after Henry Ford. It involved the use of assembly lines to produce standardized goods at a low cost, enabling higher wages for workers who could then afford to purchase the products they were making.

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A Black nationalist organization founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914 that advocated for the economic and political empowerment of Black people and the establishment of an independent Black state in Africa.

Bolshevik Revolution

The 1917 revolution in Russia that overthrew the tsarist autocracy and established the Soviet Union, the world's first communist state. This event fueled fears of communist revolution in the United States.

red scare

A period of intense anti-communism in the United States that occurred in 1919-1920. It was characterized by widespread fear of bolshevism and anarchism, leading to the arrest and deportation of many suspected radicals.

criminal syndicalism laws

Laws passed by many states during the Red Scare that outlawed the advocacy of violence to secure social change.

American plan

A strategy used by employers in the 1920s to counter unionism, which included the promotion of open shops, where employees were not required to join a union.

Immigration Act of 1924

A United States federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890. This act was designed to restrict immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

A law that granted citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States.

Eighteenth Amendment

Ratified in 1919, this amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

Volstead Act

The federal law that provided for the enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment, establishing the legal definition of intoxicating liquors and the penalties for their production and sale.

racketeers

People who engage in dishonest and fraudulent business dealings, often associated with organized crime during the Prohibition era.

Bible Belt

A term coined by H. L. Mencken to describe a region of the Southern United States where socially conservative evangelical Protestantism is a dominant part of the culture.

Scopes Trial

A highly publicized 1925 trial in which a high school teacher, John T. Scopes, was accused of violating a Tennessee state law that prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools. The trial highlighted the cultural conflict between fundamentalist religious beliefs and modern scientific theories.

Fundamentalism

A conservative religious movement that arose in the early 20th century, characterized by a literal interpretation of the Bible and a rejection of modern scientific theories such as evolution.

modernism

A cultural movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a rejection of traditional values and a focus on new forms of artistic and literary expression. Modernists believed that God was good and that people were not inherently sinners.

“Lost Generation”

A term used to describe the generation of writers and artists who came of age during World War I and were disillusioned with the values of American society.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s. It was a celebration of African American culture and a challenge to racial stereotypes.

Bureau of the Budget

An executive branch agency created in 1921 to assist the president in preparing the federal budget.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

A 1923 Supreme Court case that struck down a federal law that had established a minimum wage for women and children in the District of Columbia. The court ruled that the law interfered with the freedom of contract.

Nine-Power Treaty

A 1922 treaty signed by the major world powers that affirmed the territorial integrity and political independence of China and endorsed the Open Door Policy.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them." The pact was ultimately ineffective in preventing the outbreak of World War II.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law

A 1922 law that raised American tariffs on many imported goods to protect factories and farms.

Teapot Dome scandal

A bribery scandal during the administration of President Warren G. Harding, in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming and two other locations in California to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding.

McNary-Haugen Bill

A controversial farm-relief bill that was debated in the U.S. Congress in the 1920s. It sought to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad.

Dawes Plan

A 1924 plan to resolve the World War I reparations crisis that Germany had to pay. It provided for a staggered payment plan for Germany and a loan from the United States to help stabilize the German economy.

Agricultural Marketing Act

A 1929 act that created the Federal Farm Board, which was designed to help farmers by buying, selling, and storing agricultural surpluses.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

A 1930 law that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels. The tariff is widely blamed for worsening the Great Depression.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. On this day, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell by 12%.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns built by unemployed and destitute people during the Great Depression of the early 1930s. They were named after President Herbert Hoover, who was widely blamed for the Depression.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

A government corporation created in 1932 to provide financial support to state and local governments and to make loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations, and other businesses.

Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act

A 1932 law that banned yellow-dog contracts, barred the federal courts from issuing injunctions against nonviolent labor disputes, and created a positive right of noninterference by employers against workers joining trade unions.

Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF)

A group of some 43,000 demonstrators – made up of 17,000 U.S. World War I veterans, together with their families and affiliated groups – who gathered in Washington, D.C. in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service certificates.

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General of the United States from 1919 to 1921. He is best known for overseeing the Palmer Raids during the Red Scare of 1919-20.

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Two Italian immigrant anarchists who were convicted of murdering a guard and a paymaster during an armed robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts, in 1920. Their trial was highly controversial and is often seen as an example of xenophobia and political persecution.

Horace Kallen

A philosopher and educator who advocated for cultural pluralism, the idea that different ethnic groups could maintain their own cultures while also participating in a larger American society.

Randolph Bourne

A writer and intellectual who was a prominent critic of World War I and a strong advocate for cultural pluralism.

Al Capone

An American gangster who attained fame during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit. His seven-year reign as a crime boss ended when he was 33.

John T. Scopes

A high school teacher who was at the center of the 1925 Scopes Trial for teaching evolution in a Tennessee public school.

Frederick W. Taylor

An American mechanical engineer who is known as the father of scientific management. His work sought to improve industrial efficiency.

Henry Ford

The founder of the Ford Motor Company and a pioneer of the assembly line technique of mass production. His innovations made automobiles affordable for the average American.

Charles A. Lindbergh

An American aviator who made the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight in 1927.

Margaret Sanger

An American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse who popularized the term "birth control" and opened the first birth control clinic in the United States.

Sigmund Freud

An Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. His work was influential in the 1920s, as many Americans became interested in his theories about the unconscious mind.

H. L. Mencken

An American journalist, essayist, satirist, cultural critic, and scholar of American English. He was a prominent critic of American society and culture in the 1920s.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

An American novelist and short story writer, whose works are evocative of the Jazz Age, a term he coined. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. He wrote "The Great Gatsby," which explored the glamour and cruelty of an achievement-oriented society.

Ernest Hemingway

An American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction. He was part of the "Lost Generation" of writers.

T. S. Eliot

A poet, essayist, publisher, playwright, literary critic and editor. He is considered one of the 20th century's major poets.

William Faulkner

An American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner wrote novels, short stories, screenplays, poetry, essays, and a play. He is primarily known for his novels and short stories set in the fictional Yoknapatapha County, based on Lafayette County, Mississippi, where he spent most of his life.

Langston Hughes

An American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form called jazz poetry. Hughes is best known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance.

Warren G. Harding

The 29th U.S. president, serving from 1921 until his death in 1923. A Republican from Ohio, his presidency was marked by a return to "normalcy" after World War I, but was also plagued by scandals such as the Teapot Dome scandal.

Albert B. Fall

A United States Senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding, infamous for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal.

Calvin Coolidge

The 30th U.S. president, who served from 1923 to 1929. A Republican, he took office after the death of Warren G. Harding. Known as "Silent Cal," he presided over a period of economic prosperity.

John W. Davis

An American politician, diplomat, and lawyer who served as the Democratic nominee for president in 1924, losing to Calvin Coolidge.

Alfred E. (“Al”) Smith

An American statesman who was elected Governor of New York four times and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928, losing to Herbert Hoover.

Herbert Hoover

The 31st U.S. president, serving from 1929 to 1933. A Republican, his presidency was marked by the stock market crash of 1929 and the beginning of the Great Depression.

Brain Trust

A group of academic advisers that Franklin D. Roosevelt assembled to assist him during the 1932 presidential campaign. These experts helped him develop the policies that would become the New Deal.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms implemented in the United States between 1933 and 1939, during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was designed to combat the effects of the Great Depression, providing relief for the unemployed, recovery for the economy, and reform of the financial system.

Hundred Days

The early period of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, from March 9 to June 16, 1933, during which an unprecedented amount of New Deal legislation was enacted.

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

A 1933 law that separated commercial and investment banking and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure individual bank deposits, restoring public confidence in the banking system.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

A public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 for unemployed, unmarried men. As part of the New Deal, it provided jobs on environmental projects such as reforestation, soil conservation, and park construction.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

A New Deal agency established in 1933 to stimulate business recovery through fair-practice codes for industries. The NRA sought to eliminate "cut-throat competition" by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

A New Deal program created in 1933 to restore agricultural prosperity by curtailing farm production, reducing export surpluses, and raising prices. The AAA paid farmers to not plant on parts of their land and to kill off excess livestock.

Dust Bowl

A period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s. Caused by a combination of severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion, it forced thousands of families to abandon their farms.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

A U.S. federal legislation that dealt with the status of Native Americans. It was the centerpiece of what has been often called the "Indian New Deal." The Act aimed to reverse the traditional goal of assimilation of Indians into American society and to strengthen, encourage and perpetuate the tribes and their historic traditions and culture.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A federally owned corporation created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development to the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression.

Social Security Act

A law enacted in 1935 to create a system of transfer payments in which younger, working people support older, retired people. It established a system of old-age benefits for workers, benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent mothers and children, the blind, and the physically handicapped.

Wagner Act

A 1935 law that guaranteed the right of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take collective action such as strikes. It also created the National Labor Relations Board to protect these rights.

Fair Labor Standards Act

A 1938 federal law that established a national minimum wage, guaranteed "time-and-a-half" for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor."

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

A federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955. It was created in response to the perceived failure of the American Federation of Labor to organize unskilled workers.

Court-packing plan

A legislative initiative proposed by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court in order to obtain favorable rulings regarding New Deal legislation that the court had ruled unconstitutional. The central provision of the bill would have granted the President power to appoint an additional Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court, up to a maximum of six, for every member of the court over the age of 70 years and 6 months.

Keynesianism

An economic theory of total spending in the economy and its effects on output and inflation. Developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes during the 1930s in an attempt to understand the Great Depression, it advocates for increased government expenditures and lower taxes to stimulate demand and pull the global economy out of the depression.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

The 32nd U.S. President, who led the country through the Great Depression and World War II. He implemented the New Deal, a series of programs and reforms that aimed to restore economic stability and provide relief to Americans.

Eleanor Roosevelt

The longest-serving First Lady of the United States, holding the post from March 1933 to April 1945 during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt's four terms in office. She was a prominent activist for civil rights, women's rights, and social justice, and reshaped the role of the First Lady.

Harry L. Hopkins

A key architect of the New Deal, Hopkins was one of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's closest advisers. He served as the administrator of several New Deal programs, including the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and the Works Progress Administration.

Father Charles Coughlin

A controversial Roman Catholic priest who used his popular radio show to criticize President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. He was an early supporter of Roosevelt but became a harsh critic, accusing him of being too friendly to bankers.

Francis E. Townsend

An American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression. His "Townsend Plan" influenced the establishment of the Social Security system.

Huey P. ("Kingfish") Long

A Louisiana politician who served as the 40th governor of Louisiana and as a U.S. senator. He was a populist who championed the "Share Our Wealth" program, which proposed new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and crime accompanying the Great Depression.

John Steinbeck

An American author who wrote the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel "The Grapes of Wrath," published in 1939. His work often explored themes of social and economic injustice, and he became a voice for the poor and downtrodden during the Great Depression.

Frances Perkins

The U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman appointed to the U.S. Cabinet. A key figure in the New Deal, she championed many of the policies that became part of the Social Security Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act.

Mary McLeod Bethune

An American educator, stateswoman, philanthropist, humanitarian, and civil rights activist. She founded the National Council of Negro Women in 1935 and was an adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt as part of his "Black Cabinet."

Robert F. Wagner

A Democratic U.S. Senator from New York from 1927 to 1949. He was a leader of the New Deal coalition and a key figure in the passage of the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), the Social Security Act, and the Housing Act of 1937