HIST/TECH - Final (Student Questions)

What is the function of probenecid?

a) inhibits penicillin

b) acts as a cofactor for penicillin

c) decreases distribution of penicillin in the blood

d) extends active duration of penicillin

e) helps to synthesize more penicillin

What is the function of probenecid?

a) inhibits penicillin

b) acts as a cofactor for penicillin

c) decreases distribution of penicillin in the blood

d) extends active duration of penicillin

e) helps to synthesize more penicillin

extends active duration of penicillin

When penicillin was initially discovered in Alexander Fleming’s petri dish, what bacterial growth did it inhibit?

a) E. coli

b) streptococcus

c) staphylococcus

d) salmonella

e) tuberculosis

staphylococcus

What specific part of the bacteria does penicillin directly attack?

a) peptidoglycan

b) nucleoid

c) flagellum

d) ribosomes

e) cilia

peptidoglycan

What is an issue that comes with combination therapy in treating antibiotic resistance?

a) unprecedented side effects due to administration of multiple drugs

b) higher chance of drug resistance developing

c) it is much more expensive

d) both A and C are correct

e) all of the above are correct

both A and C are correct

There are around 150 million antibiotic prescriptions written every year in the U.S., what percent of these prescriptions are later estimated and found to be overprescribed?

a) 20%

b) 30%

c) 40%

d) 50%

e) 60%

30%

Which of the following is not a medically significant outcome in regards to antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

a) antibiotic resistance can contribute to general antimicrobial resistance

b) the development of bacteria strains that are resistant to major antibacterials such as Methicillin and Vancomycin

c) a future cost in healthcare predicted to total roughly $1 trillion by the year 2050

d) more intense hospital stays, medical complications, and higher chances of relapses

e) increased transmission rates of viral infections among hospital staff

increased transmission rates of viral infections among hospital staff

What antimalarial drug has concerning side effects such as psychosis?

a) chloroquine

b) mefloquine

c) tafenoquine

d) primaquine

e) atabrine

mefloquine

What type of consent was used in the RTS,S pilot study and why was it criticized?

a) implied consent was criticized because there was no formal agreement though parents and children fully learn of the dangers and benefits of the vaccination during the vaccination session

b) active consent was criticized as only parents but not children learn of the dangers of the vaccine before it is administered

c) informed consent as children fully learn of the dangers and benefits of the vaccination during the session but it was criticized because parents are not informed

d) implied consent was criticized though parents knew of the vaccine program and were present in the session but were not informed of all the risks and benefits

e) none of the above

implied consent was criticized though parents knew of the vaccine program and were present in the session but were not informed of all the risks and benefits

How does Chloroquine work?

a) stops hemoglobin from entering the parasite

b) stops FEIIPPIX from oxidizing into the toxic FEIIIPPIX

c) stops the toxic FEIIPPIX from dimerizing into the non-toxic hemozoin

d) slows the production of red blood cells by inhibiting hemocytoblasts

e) it decreases the amount of G6PD in the blood

stops the toxic FEIIIPPIX from dimerizing into the non-toxic hemozoin

What is the active compound in the drug commonly known as
Aspirin?

a) acetaminophen

b) salicylates

c) ibuprofen

d) NSAID

e) benzyx5monne

salicylates

What was the natural precursor to aspirin?

a) willow bark

b) ginkgo

c) maple bark

d) peruvian bark

e) spirea ulmaria

willow bark

What is the mechanism of action for aspirin?

a) aspirin exerts its effects by directly targeting and inhibiting the production of histamine

b) the acetyl group binds to the active site in COX, inhibiting activity

c) aspirin works by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin in the central nervous system

d) aspirin operates by binding to opioid receptors in the brain, leading to pain relief

e) aspirin exerts its effects by increasing the production of nitric oxide, leading to vasodilation

the acetyl group binds to the active site in COX, inhibiting activity

What event led to the push for diethyl ether being used as an anesthetic?

a) an anesthetic was administered on a 15-year-old girl, who passed away. The scientist deduced that it was due to uncontrolled administration of the anesthetic

b) a scientist developed an inhaler that provided controlled delivery of an anesthetic to a patient

c) an anesthetic was used to remove a young man’s tumor from his neck. The patient felt no sensation throughout the procedure and recovered successfully

d) a dentist successfully used the anesthetic to alleviate pain in patients’ toothaches and tooth extraction

e) demonstration performed in front of a Harvard University class, in which a dentist attempted to demonstrate the effects of the anesthetic, but the patient claimed to still feel pain

a dentist successfully used the anesthetic to alleviate pain in patients’ toothaches and tooth extraction

What is the primary ethical consideration when administering anesthesia?

a) right to withdraw 

b) beneficence  

c) deception  

d) informed consent 

e) privacy and confidentiality

informed consent

The advent of general anesthesia helped improve which factor(s) of surgery?

a) cost

b) comfort

c) scope

d) availability

e) both B and C

both B and C

Which of the following combinations of receptors are those acted upon by opioids?

a) μ-(mu), δ-(delta), β-(beta)

b) μ-(mu), δ-(delta), κ-(kappa)

c) Φ-(phi), δ-(delta), κ-(kappa)

d) Φ-(phi), δ-(delta), β-(beta)

e) μ-(mu), λ-(lambda), κ-(kappa)

μ-(mu), δ-(delta), κ-(kappa)

What painkiller, created by Purdue Pharma, did the FDA approve and wrongly lable as non-addictive?

a) oxycontin

b) morphine

c) heroin

d) codeine

e) fentanyl

oxycontin

What was Britain’s primary motivation for provoking and engaging in the Opium Wars?

a) to stop illegal opium trade between China and Britain

b) to spread Christianity

c) to colonize all of China as a British territory

d) to force China to make opium trade legal

e) to force China to return kidnapped or jailed British soldiers

to force China to make opium trade legal

What is the main fatal side effect that may arise with first generation antipsychotics?

a) neuroleptic malignant syndrome

b) neurocongenial temporal swelling

c) myocardial infarction

d) sedation and weight gain, causing diabetes

e) compromised immune systems.

neuroleptic malignant syndrome

What is the difference between first and second-generation antipsychotics?

a) first-generation antipsychotics work better

b) second-generation antipsychotics are serotonin and dopamine receptor antagonists

c) first-generation antipsychotics are serotonin and dopamine receptor antagonists

d) first-generation only impact the first psychotic event

e) there is no difference in effect

second-generation antipsychotics are serotonin and dopamine receptor antagonists

How was psychosis treated in the 19th and early 20th century?

a) Patients were injected with steroids

b) registered psychiatrists prescribed oral medication, with patient permission

c) mass confinement and punishment

d) families took care of loved ones with psychosis symptoms

e) local churches perform exorcisms

mass confinement and punishment

What is one of the primary arguments to using combination drug therapy instead of a single drug to reduce HIV levels in infected people?

a) combination drug therapy is more accessible worldwide than single drugs are

b) a patient only has to take a multi-drug pill once whereas a single drug has to be taken for life

c) combination therapy is generally cheaper than using one drug in the short-term

d) monitoring a patient’s viral load and CD4 cell count does not need to be done as frequently on a combination therapy

e) mutations that confer resistance to several drugs are less common than a mutation that confers resistance to a single drug

mutations that confer resistance to several drugs are less common than a mutation that confers resistance to a single drug

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven primary drug classes that can be used to treat HIV/AIDS?

a) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

b) protease inhibitor

c) carbohydrate inhibitor

d) CCR5 antagonist

e) post-attachment inhibitor

carbohydrate inhibitor

What percentage of AIDS diagnoses are related to drug use?

a) 10%

b) 20%

c) 30%

d) 40%

e) 50%

10%

What is the name of the theory that has been accepted as the most common hypothesis of Major Depressive Disorder?

a) mononeuro deficiency theory 

b) monoamine deficiency theory

c) monoglucose deficiency theory 

d) monocarb deficiency theory 

e) monoserotonin deficiency theory 

monoamine deficiency theory

How do most antidepressants primarily work in neural transmission pathways?

a) increasing the number of receptor sites 

b) increasing the size of receptor sites 

c) promoting reuptake of neurotransmitters 

d) inhibiting reuptake of neurotransmitters

e) promoting neurotransmitter division 

inhibiting reuptake of neurotransmitters

Scientists were studying and searching for treatments for what disease, which led to the discovery of the first antidepressant Iproniazid

a) smallpox

b) rheumatic fever

c) polio

d) tuberculosis

e) cholera

tuberculosis

What is the time frame that the progestin only ill must be taken in for it to be most effective?

a) within 1 hour

b) within 3 hours

c) within 5 hours

d) within 8 hours

3) there is no suggested time frame

within 3 hours

Why are hormones, estrogen, and progestin, used in the composition of the birth control pill?

a) It is easier to add estrogen and progestin to a biological system than removing Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone from a biological system.

b) Estrogen and progestin directly inactivate Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone so that ovulation does not occur.

c) when estrogen and progestin levels in the body remain high (from taking the birth control pill), the body will not undergo ovulation.

d) answer choices A and C

e) answer choices A, B, and C

answer choices A and C

What is the Catholic Church’s policy on women taking the Birth Control Pill?

a) they can take it, only to prevent acne

b) they can take it, only to prevent pregnancy

c) they can take it, only to regulate their menstrual cycle

d) they can take it, only to prevent ovarian cancer

e) they cannot take it at all

they can take it, only to regulate their menstrual cycle

What are the two endocannabinoid receptors that THC acts on and what does THC act on them as?

a) CB2 and CB3, agonist

b) CB

c) CB2 and CB3, antagonist

d) CB1 and CB2, antagonist

CB1 and CB2, antagonist

Who heavily promoted the use of Medical Marijuana in the United States?

a) William O'Shaughnessy

b) Sir Richard Branson

c) Indica Brown

d) Ronald Regan

e) Theador Roosevelt

William O’Shaughnessy

Which state was the first to legalize Medical Marijuana?

a) Ohio

b) Texas

c) California

d) Colorado

e) Alaska

California

This chemical is the active agent in the psychedelic crowns of the peyote cactus:

a) MDMA

b) LSD

c) mescaline

d) psilocybin

e) DMT

mescaline

Which mental disorder are psychedelics considered similar too?

a) OCD

b) antirealism

c) depression

d) psychotic disorders

e) anxiety

psychotic disorders

Which receptor does LSD target giving an excitatory response of serotonin?

a) A2

b) D1

c) GABAB

d) A1

e) Ach

A2

What population of people has the greatest diversity compared to any other group of people?

a) North American populations

b) South American populations

c) African populations

d) Asian populations

e) Australian populations

African populations

What are the two main hypotheses about the origin of modern humans' migration out of Africa?

a) Multiple Origin and Single Origin Hypothesis

b) African Origin and European Origin Hypothesis

c) North American Origin and South American Origin Hypothesis

d) Many Species Origin and Single Species Origin Hypothesis

e) Homo sapiens Origin and Neanderthals Origin Hypothesis.

multiple origin and single origin hypothesis

Homo neanderthalensis primarily occupied...

a) Europe

b) Africa

c) Middle East

d) A and B

e) A and C

A and C

What is the best definition of evolution?

a) change in a population

b) change in allele frequency in a population over time

c) change in phenotype in an individual

d) change in allele frequency in an individual over time

e) change in phenotype in a population over time

change in allele frequency in a population over time

Which is an example of artificial selection?

a) humans altering the genetic makeup of corn to make it more nutritious

b) giraffes having longer necks over time

c) dark-colored moths survived more than light-colored moths during the industrial period

d) the variation in finch beaks at different islands

e) CAM plants developing stoma that open at night to preserve water in dry areas

humans altering the genetic makeup of corn to make it more nutritious

What is the primary argument against eugenics?

a) it would select against people with disease and disability

b) novel traits would not be preserved

c) genetics is not a part of evolution

d) it’s discredited as unscientific because it justifies racism

e) bias is present when deciding what traits are desirable

it’s discredited as unscientific because it justifies racism

What is the name of the molecule DNA wraps around to allow it to fit into a cell?

a) PAMPs

b) helicases

c) histones

d) RNA

e) methyltransferase

histones

If you add a methyl group to a cytosine on a strand of DNA, what will happen?

a) DNA will form heterochromatin

b) DNA will form euchromatin

c) DNA will completely detach from the histone

d) DNA will recruit gene enhancer proteins

e) DNA will denature

DNA will form heterochromatin

What is the test that is run to determine if methylation is occurring at that loci?

a) gel electrophoresis

b) mRNA sequencing

c) SPEP

d) lipid panel

e) bisulfite sequencing

bisulfate sequencing

Which of the following is a cure for mitochondrial disease?

a) mitochondrial replacement therapy

b) nutritional management

c) vitamins

d) no cure had been found yet

e) amino acid supplementation

no cure had been found yet

What is the main function of the mitochondria within the cell?

a) cellular transport

b) waste storage

c) RNA transcription

d) energy production

e) protein purification

energy production

What therapy is banned in the United States that is supposed to help treat mitochondrial diseases?

a) vitamin supplementation therapy

b) mitochondrial replacement therapy

c) immunization therapy

d) gene therapy

e) steroid therapy

mitochondrial replacement therapy

In 1991, which discovery was made in the Human Genome Project?

a) chromosome 17

b) PCR

c) ESTs- expressed sequence tag

d) E. Coli genome sequence

e) mouse genome mapped

ESTs- expressed sequence tag

A technique for DNA sequencing based upon the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleosides (ddNTPs) by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication is?

a) sanger sequencing method

b) PCR

c) gel electrophoresis

d) shotgun sequencing method

e) qPCR

sanger sequencing method

What ethical program was started during the human genome project to promote genetic privacy and fair use of genetic information?

a) Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications

b) Ethical and Responsible Research Program

c) Responsible and Ethical Conduct of Research

d) Department of Ethics

e) National Institute of Health

ethical, legal, and social implications

Which protein is responsible for binding to the ACE2 receptor that initiates entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the cell?

a) the nucleocapsid-protein

b) the spike-protein

c) the membrane-protein

d) the envelope-protein

e) hemagglutinin esterase

the spike-protein

Which of the following are symptoms of Long COVID-19 or Post COVID-19 Conditions

a) shortness of breath

b) fatigue

c) brain fog

d) heart palpitations

e) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is the variety of SARS-CoV-2 currently responsible for the majority of US COVID-19 cases as of April 2024?

a) beta

b) gamma

c) omicron

d) alpha

e) delta

omicron

What is the main factor(s) that leads to anxiety disorders?

a) the amount of stress that you have in your life

b) the way that you respond to external triggers

c) the genes that you inherited

d) your epigenetics

e) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a medication used to treat anxiety disorders?

a) SSRIs

b) antidepressants

c) antipsychotics

d) sedatives

e) anxiolytics

antipsychotics

Which part of the brain plays an important role in fear and anxiety levels?

a) hypothalamus

b) prefrontal cortex

c) thalamus

d) amygdala

e) hippocampus

amygdala

The theory of organ transplantation was thought of many years ago in the wake of patients with improperly functioning organs. When was this theory found to be first mentioned?

a)  In Ancient Egypt through the Ebers papyrus

b) In Ancient Rome through their codex

c) In Ancient Greece through the memorabilia of Aristotles

d) In Ancient China through the Silk Road

e) In Ancient India from the father of medicine Acharya Charak

in ancient Egypt through the Ebers papyrus

What was NOT a genetic modification of the pig heart or a treatment given to the transplant patients for the two first successful pig heart transplants?

a)  The growth hormone receptor gene was knocked out 

b) Three genes were knocked out to prevent rejection

c) One gene was added to control the growth of the pig heart

d) The patients were given strong experimental immunosuppressants

e) Six human genes were added to control immune acceptance

one gene was added to control the growth of the pig heart

Which ethical issues are present in regards to genetic modification of pig hearts?

a) animal rights

b) novelty of treatment

c) religion

d) A and C

e) all of the above

all of the above

Which gene is responsible for the number of LDL receptors on the surface of liver cells?

a) PCSK9

b) BCR-ABL

c) CFTR

d) Albumin 

e) SNCA

PCSK9

How is the VERVE-101 gene therapy administered to the patient?

a) orally

b) intravenously

c) percutaneously

d) rectally

e) intrathecally

intravenously

What type of gene editing is currently being tested in VERVE-101 for use to treat familial hypercholesterolemia? 

a) non-homologous end joining

b) zinc-finger nucleases

c) restriction enzymes

d) adenine base editing

e) homology-directed repair

adenine base editing

Which is NOT a potential positive use for 23andMe?

a) Research 

b) Developing pharmaceuticals 

c) Determining genetics of future children

d) Catching criminals 

e) Determining ancestry

determining genetics of future children

What is the purpose of EDTA in the context of preserving DNA?

a) It degrades nuclease enzymes, preserving DNA

b) it maintains an optimal pH for the DNA sample

c) it sequesters metal cations, preventing degradation of DNA

d) it lyses the cells, solubilizing the DNA in the solution

e) it isolates DNA from other various lipid and protein components

it sequesters metal cations, preventing degradation of DNA

Which of the following technologies is commonly used by 23andMe to analyze the genetic variants found on genotyping chips?

a) microarray scan analysis

b) polymerase chain reaction

c) southern blotting

d) western blotting

e) x-ray crystallography

microarray scan analysis

What is the agent responsible for all of the influenza pandemics?

a) yersinia pestis

b) myxovirus influenzae

c) pigs

d) H1N1

e) bats

myxovirus influenzae

What system does the HIV virus attack?

a) immune system

b) nervous system

c) muscular system

d) endocrine system

e) respiratory system

immune system

Which of the following was not a common ethical violation throughout the different pandemics in modern history?

a) informed consent

b) vaccine distribution

c) patient abandonment

d) unequal access to healthcare

e) equity disparity

patient abandoment