Period Four: 1800-1848

how the young nation developed politically, culturally, and economically - market revolution

the rise of political parties

• 2 main parties: federalists, democratic-republicans

• barbary pirates interactions → required tribute to be paid for trade

• washington + adams paid tribute, thomas jefferson was not having it (morally opposed)

• eventually negotiated a lower tribute

• powers of federal government

• democratic-republicans: strict constructionists

• nothing that isn’t explicitly written in the constitution can be done

• federalists: loose constructionists

• constitution can’t possibly account for every single situation that will arise

• how hamilton established the national bank (necessary + proper clause → congress can pass any law necessary + proper)

• expansion of us territorial holdings

• louisiana purchase

• jefferson violated his strict constructionist principles

• lewis + clark chart territory (corps of discovery)

• zebulon pike explored bottom half of territory

• engaged in diplomacy with indigenous peoples there

• supreme court’s place established

• very little mentioned in constitution

• grew in power under chief justice john marshall

• marbury v madison

• supreme court holds ultimate jurisdiction over what is constitutional → judicial review

• liberty party [1840]: believed that the constitution was an anti-slavery document

• growth + realignment of political parties

• democratic-republican party forms split

• republicans: loose constructionists, to become whigs → similar to federalists

• democrats: strict constructionists in image of jefferson

american foreign policy

• claiming territory

• established us-canadian border at 49 parallel

• joint us-british occupation of oregon territory

• adams-onís treaty: spain ceded florida to us

• establishing authority in western hemisphere

• monroe doctrine: us has influence over rest of the americas, europe can fuck off

• war of 1812: see "debates" section

• old immigration + nativism still common, esp against irish [catholics]

domestic policy

• tariff of abominations: raised import taxes by 50%

• protective tariffs protected northern industry (people buy american made goods)

• bad for southerners → relied on imports from other countries to maintain agricultural economy

• jackson’s vp (calhoun) encouraged south carolina to nullify the law

• virginia + kentucky resolutions (jefferson)

• jackson passes force bill → federal troops can be sent in to enforce law

• bank war

• jackson believed bus benefited wealthy at the expense of the poor, vetoed the recharter

• indian removal act (1830)

• removed from ancestral lands to oklahoma territory

• trail of tears → many chose to go voluntarily, most did not

• embargo act (1807)

• ended all american imports + exports

• jefferson hoped to pressure england + france into recognizing us neutrality rights in exchange for us goods, ended up hurting american economy + was repealed

• macon's bill #2 (1810)

• ended american trade with england + france, but offered to resume trade with whichever country lifted its neutral trading restrictions first (france)

• nullification crisis

• pet banks

• specie circular

• jacksonian policy intended to prevent land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold/silver) backing it

• required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie

• stopped land speculation, sale of public lands sharply decreased → panic of 1837

innovations in technology, agriculture, and business

• major technological advancements

• cotton gin: sped u textile production

• interchangeable parts: perform same task over + over

• basis of american manufacturing

• lays foundation for mass production + mass consumption

• steam engine: put in boats, can now go up + down river (changes trade)

• more people can buy more stuff, easily accessible

• government aid

• pass legislation that makes transportation more efficient

• canals: erie canal fosters regional independence for trade

• knits country economically

• immigration

• many settled on eastern seaboard in manufacturing areas -> urban immigrants influenced city structures, found industrial jobs, crowded living spaces, disease spreads, establish cultural traditions → ethnic enclaves

• rise of the middle class

• growing prosperity, middle class emerges in north

• businessmen, doctors, lawyers → healthy living

• women

• cult of domesticity: men + women have different spheres to exist in; women need to bear children + provide home for husband/children

• transcendentalism: rooted in european perceptions of human perfectibility, beauty + power of nature

• emphasized mystery + human passion, opposite of enlightenment

• ralph waldo emerson, henry david throw

• art: hudson river school

• romanticized landscapes (often in new york, western territories)

• religion: second great awakening: see second great awakening section

debates about federal power

• war of 1812

• insults to national honor, impressment of american citizens to fight in british navy

• popular war, but significant federalist opposition → hartford convention, proposes that new england secede from the union (just seemed like federalists didn’t know what was going on, demise of feds)

• henry clay’s american system

• unify the american economy through federally funded internal improvements, protective tariffs, and the second bus

• federal program, opposition from the south

• james madison vetoed some provisions → great for american people, but would disadvantage the south

• westward expansion

• missouri applies for statehood

• provision added called tallmadge amendment → would join as a free state

• federal interests: new state benefits country

• regional interests: increased tensions over slavery

• goal: maintain balance of free + slave states in senate

• solution: missouri compromise (compromise of 1820) – missouri would enter as a slave state, 36’ 30” line would become the border, maine also joins as a free state

the second great awakening

• rather than individual reformation, more emphasis on the moral reformation of society

• wilderness camp meetings → vacation for listening to preachers, egalitarian retreats

• charles finney, preacher that spread to urban areas

reform movements

• universal white male suffrage — panic of 1819: irresponsible banking hits laboring men hardest

• couldn’t vote (didn’t own land) so couldn’t hold politicians responsible for their economic situations

• eliminated property requirement as had already been done in many western states (1825)

• temperance movement: american temperance society formed

• complete abstinence from alcohol

• abolition: william lloyd garrison – the liberator, american antislavery society, spread through north

• emancipation of slaves in the north, some states still restricted the rights of black people

• in the south, abolitionism happened but by black southerners rather than white → nat turner’s rebellion (slave revolt); resulted in fear among slaveholders, restriction on slaves’ rights but even so, enslaved people maintained culture and dignity by keeping family structures + engaging politically

• women’s movement

• seneca falls convention: declaration of sentiments based on declaration of independence

• equality in education, law, and voting rights

• american colonization society

• anti-slavery organization sending freed black people to liberia

the experience of african americans

• american antislavery association/society

• organization advocating for the immediate abolition of slavery

• most white southerners yeoman farmers → independent landowners, not rich enough to own slaves, but still believed in slavery + racial codes (social hierarchy)

• southern society defined by agriculture (specifically cotton)

• cotton began leaching the soil of its nutrients → many white southerners move west