ap euro chapter 22, 23, 24

red shirts

the guerrilla army of guiseppe garibaldi who invaded sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it, winning the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry

Homestead Act

An American law enacted during the Civil War that gave western land to settlers, reinforcing the concept of free labor in a market economy

Crimean War

A conflict fought between 1853 and 1856 over Russian desires to expand into Ottoman territory; Russia was defeated by France, Britain, and the Ottomans, underscoring the need for reform in the Russian empire

Bloody Sunday

A massacre of peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in 1905, triggering a revolution that overturned absolute tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy

October Manifesto

the result of a paralyzing general strike in October 1905, a Russian decree that granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected Duma (parliament) with real legislative power

Duma

the Russian parliament that opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and the conservative classes

Tanzimat

A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model

Young Turks

Fervent patriots who seized power in a 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire, forcing the Conservative sultan to implement reforms

Reichstag

the popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871

Kulturkampf

Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church within Germany from 1870 to 1878, resulting from Pius IX’s declaration of papal infallibility

German Social Democratic Party (SPD)

A German working class political party founded in the 1870s, the SPD championed Marxism but in practice turned away from Marxist revolution and worked instead for social and workplace reforms in the German parliament

Dreyfus Affair

A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French Army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the Church

People’s Budget

A bill proposed after the Liberal Party came to power in Britain in 1906, it was designed to increase spending on social welfare services, but was initially vetoed in the House of Lords

Zionism

A movement dedicated to building a Jewish national homeland in Palestine, started by Theodor Herzl

revisionism

An effort by moderate socialists to update Marxist doctrines to reflect the realities of the time

neo europes

settler colonies with established populations of europeans, such as north america, austrlia, new zealand, and latin america, where europe found outlets for population growth and its most profitable investment opportunities in the nineteenth century

opium wars

two mid nineteenth century conflicts between china and great britain over the british trade in opium, which was designed to “open” china to european free trade. in defeat, china gave european traders and missionaries increased protection and concessions

gunboat diplomacy

the use or threat of military force to coerce a government into economic or political agreements

global mass migration

the mass movement of people from europe in the nineteenth century; one reason that the west’s impact on the world was so powerful and many sided

nativism

policies and beliefs, often influenced by nationalism, scientific racism, and mass migration, that give preferential treatment to established inhabitats over immigrants

new imperialism

the late nineteenth century drive by european countries to create vast political empires abroad

afrinkaners

descendants of the dutch settlers in the cape colony in southern africa

berlin conference

a meeting of european leaders held in 1884 and 1885 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-saharan africa

white man’s burden

the idea that europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living

orientalism

a term coined by literary scholar edward said to describe the way westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures

great rebellion

the 1857 and 1858 insurrection by muslim and hindu mercenaries in the british army that spread throughout northern and central india before finally being crushed

meiji restoration

the restoration of the japanese emperor to power in 1867, leading to the subsequent modernization of japan

hundred days of reform

a series of western style reforms launched in 1898 by the chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge

utilitarianism

the idea of jeremy bentham that social policies should promote the “greatest good for the greatest number”

germ theory

the idea that disease was caused by the spread of living organisms that could be controlled

labor aristocracy

the highly skilled workers, such as factory foremen and construction bosses, who made up about 15 percent of the working classes from 1850 to 1914

sweated industries

poorly paid handicraft production, often carried out by married women paid by the piece and working at home

companionate marriage

marriage based on romantic love and middle class family values that became increasingly dominant in the second half of the nineteenth century

separate spheres

the nineteenth century gendered division of labor and lifestyles that cast men as breadwinners and women as homemakers

suffrage movement

a militant movement for women’s right to vote led by middle class British women around 1900

thermodynamics

a branch of physics built on newton’s laws of mechanics that investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy

second industrial revolution

the burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth in the last third of the nineteenth century

evolution

the idea applied by thinkers in many fields, that stresses gradual change and continuous adjustment

social darwinism

a body of thought drawn from the ideas of charles darwin that applied the theory of biological evolution unending economic struggle that would determine the survival the fittest

realism

a literary movement that, in contrast to romanticism stressed the depiction of life as it actually was