PTCB ENDOCRINE SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE

Chapter 18: Therapeutic Agents for the Endocrine System

Which hormone class can diffuse across cell membranes?

A. Peptide hormones

B. Protein hormones

C. Steroid hormones

D. All amino acid-derived hormones

C. Steroid hormones

What is the primary precursor for steroid hormones?

A. Glucose

B. Cholesterol

C. Protein

D. Tyrosine

B. Cholesterol

Which ending indicates a steroid hormone? Prednisolone, prednisone, triamcinolone

A. -ine

B. -ol or -one

C. -tide

D. -mab

B. -ol or -one

How long is the half-life of cortisol (a steroid hormone)?

A. 1 minute

B. 15 minutes

C. 60-90 minutes

D. 24 hours

C. 60-90 minutes

Insulin is classified as which type of hormone?

A. Steroid

B. Amino acid-derived

C. Peptide/protein

D. Lipid-derived

C. Peptide/protein

Which mechanism do steroid hormones use to produce effects?

A. Bind to cell surface receptors

B. Activate second messenger systems

C. Directly influence DNA transcription in the nucleus

D. Block neurotransmitter receptors

C. Directly influence DNA transcription in the nucleus

Epinephrine is derived from which amino acid?

A. Tryptophan

B. Tyrosine

C. Lysine

D. Methionine

B. Tyrosine

What is the typical response time for peptide hormones binding to cell surface receptors?

A. Seconds to minutes

B. 30 minutes or more

C. 2-4 hours

D. 24 hours

A. Seconds to minutes

Steroid hormones require transport proteins in the blood because they are water-insoluble.

True

Peptide hormones can easily cross cell membranes without assistance.

False

Melatonin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan.

True

Second messenger systems amplify hormone signals.

True

All hormones ending in "-ine" are steroid hormones.

False

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) are water-soluble like other amino acid-derived hormones.

False

Steroid hormones work faster than peptide hormones.

False

(fat loving hormones have to go in the nucleus)

Testosterone

A. Steroid hormone

Insulin

B. Peptide/protein hormone

Cortisol

A. Steroid hormone

Thyroxine (T4)

C. Amino acid-derived hormone

Oxytocin

B. Peptide/protein hormone

(causes pregnant woman to have contractions)

Aldosterone

A. Steroid hormone

Growth Hormone

B. Peptide/protein hormone

Estradiol

A. Steroid hormone

The _____________ gland is often called the "master gland" because it controls many other endocrine glands.

____Pituitary_________

The _____________ gland produces melatonin and helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle.

____Pineal_________

The _____________ gland produces T-cells and is most active before puberty. Also part of the immune system

____thymus_________

Insulin and glucagon are produced by the _____________.

___pancreas__________

The adrenal glands are located on top of the _____________.

___kidneys__________

The hypothalamus releases hormones that control the ___________ gland.

___Pituitary

Cortisol is produced by the _____________ glands - sits on top of kidneys

___adrenal__________

Which gland produces TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)?

A. Thyroid gland

B. Pituitary gland

C. Adrenal gland

D. Hypothalamus

A. Thyroid gland

Where is the thymus gland located?

A. Brain

B. Neck

C. Chest

D. Abdomen

C. Chest

What happens to the thymus gland after puberty?

A. It grows larger

B. It begins producing more T-cells

C. It undergoes involution (shrinks)

D. It stops functioning immediately

C. It undergoes involution (shrinks)

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland?

A. Insulin

B. Cortisol

C. Melatonin

D. Thymosin

C. Melatonin

The parathyroid glands regulate which mineral?

A. Sodium

B. Potassium

C. Iron

D. Calcium

D. Calcium

Pituitary

B. Base of the brain

Thyroid

C. Front of the neck

Adrenal

E. On top of the kidneys

Pancreas

A. Behind the stomach in the abdomen

Pineal

D. Center of the brain

What is the generic name for Glucophage?

A. Glipizide

B. Metformin

C. Pioglitazone

D. Sitagliptin

B. Metformin

Metformin belongs to which drug class?

A. Sulfonylurea

B. Biguanide

C. Thiazolidinedione

D. DPP-4 inhibitor

B. Biguanide

How does metformin primarily lower blood glucose?

A. Stimulates insulin release from the pancreas

B. Decreases glucose production by the liver

C. Blocks glucose absorption in the intestines

D. Increases kidney excretion of glucose

B. Decreases glucose production by the liver

When should metformin be taken?

A. On an empty stomach

B. With food

C. At bedtime only

D. 30 minutes before meals

B. With food

Which medication class ends in "-glitazone"?

A. Biguanides

B. Sulfonylureas

C. Thiazolidinediones

D. SGLT2 inhibitors

C. Thiazolidinediones

Actos is the brand name for:

A. Metformin

B. Pioglitazone

C. Sitagliptin

D. Glipizide

B. Pioglitazone

Which drug class ends in "-gliflozin"?

A. GLP-1 agonists

B. DPP-4 inhibitors

C. SGLT2 inhibitors

D. Meglitinides

C. SGLT2 inhibitors

Januvia (sitagliptin) belongs to which class?

A. Biguanide

B. DPP-4 inhibitor

C. SGLT2 inhibitor

D. GLP-1 agonist

B. DPP-4 inhibitor

Which medication class has the highest risk of causing hypoglycemia?

A. Metformin

B. Sulfonylureas

C. SGLT2 inhibitors

D. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

B. Sulfonylureas - releases more insulin

What is a common side effect of metformin?

A. Weight gain

B. Diarrhea

C. Hypoglycemia

D. Fluid retention

B. Diarrhea

Metformin typically causes weight gain.

False__ causes weight loss

Type 1 diabetes patients must use insulin therapy.

True____ they don’t make any insulin

Metformin can be used off-label for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

True____

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) can increase the risk of heart failure.

True____

GLP-1 agonists are oral medications.

False____ injectable

SGLT2 inhibitors work by preventing the kidneys from reabsorbing glucose.

True____

Metformin (Glucophage)

A. Biguanide

Glipizide (Glucotrol)

B. Sulfonylurea

Pioglitazone (Actos)

C. Thiazolidinedione (TZD)

Sitagliptin (Januvia)

D. DPP-4 inhibitor

Empagliflozin (Jardiance)

E. SGLT2 inhibitor

Semaglutide (Ozempic)

F. GLP-1 receptor agonist

What is the generic name for Lantus?

A. Insulin lispro

B. Insulin aspart

C. Insulin glargine

D. Insulin NPH

C. Insulin glargine

Humalog is which type of insulin?

A. Rapid-acting

B. Short-acting

C. Intermediate-acting

D. Long-acting

A. Rapid-acting

How long after injection does rapid-acting insulin start working?

A. 30-60 minutes

B. 15 minutes

C. 2-4 hours

D. Immediately

B. 15 minutes

When does rapid-acting insulin peak?

A. 15 minutes

B. 1 hour

C. 4 hours

D. No peak

B. 1 hour

How long does the effect of rapid-acting insulin last?

A. 30 minutes to 1 hour

B. 2-4 hours

C. 12-18 hours

D. 24+ hours

B. 2-4 hours

What is the generic name for Humalog?

A. Insulin glargine

B. Insulin detemir

C. Insulin lispro

D. Insulin aspart

C. Insulin lispro

What is the generic name for NovoLog?

A. Insulin lispro

B. Insulin aspart

C. Insulin glulisine

D. Insulin glargine

B. Insulin aspart

When should rapid-acting insulin be administered?

A. At bedtime

B. With or just before meals

C. 30-60 minutes before meals

D. Between meals

B. With or just before meals

How long does long-acting insulin (like Lantus) last?

A. 2-4 hours

B. 4-12 hours

C. 12-18 hours

D. Up to 24 hours or more

D. Up to 24 hours or more

After opening, how long can insulin vials be kept before discarding?

A. 7 days

B. 14 days

C. 28 days

D. 90 days

C. 28 days

What should be done with insulin that has been frozen?

A. Thaw and use normally

B. Shake well before using

C. Discard it - do not use

D. Warm to room temperature

C. Discard it - do not use

Can insulins from different manufacturers be mixed?

A. Yes, always safe to mix

B. No, should not be mixed

C. Only if they are the same type

D. Only rapid-acting with long-acting

B. No, should not be mixed

Unopened insulin should be stored at room temperature.

False____

stored in a refrigerator at a temperature between 36°F and 46°F (\(2\degree C\) to \(8\degree C\))

in-use insulin, which should be kept at temperatures below 86°F

Long-acting insulin has a distinct peak effect.

False__ no peak

Regular insulin is considered short-acting and should be taken 30 minutes before meals.

True__

Rapid-acting insulin can be taken up to 15 minutes before eating.

True_

NPH insulin is an example of intermediate-acting insulin.

True____

Delaying eating after taking rapid-acting insulin can cause hypoglycemia.

True__

Lantus (glargine)

D. Long-acting

Humalog (lispro)

A. Rapid-acting

NovoLog (aspart)

A. Rapid-acting

Humulin R (regular)

B. Short-acting (regular)

Humulin N (NPH)

C. Intermediate-acting

Levemir (detemir)

D. Long-acting

Apidra (glulisine)

A. Rapid-acting

Tresiba (degludec)

D. Long-acting

What is the brand name for levothyroxine?

A. Glucophage

B. Synthroid

C. Lantus

D. Humalog

B. Synthroid

Levothyroxine is used to treat:

A. Hyperthyroidism

B. Hypothyroidism

C. Diabetes

D. Hypercalcemia

B. Hypothyroidism

When should levothyroxine be taken?

A. With breakfast

B. At bedtime

C. On an empty stomach 30-60 minutes before eating

D. With calcium supplements

C. On an empty stomach 30-60 minutes before eating

What auxiliary label should be on levothyroxine?

A. "Take with food"

B. "Take on an empty stomach"

C. "Shake well before use"

D. "Avoid grapefruit juice"

B. "Take on an empty stomach"

Why must levothyroxine be taken on an empty stomach?

A. It causes stomach upset

B. Food interferes with absorption

C. It needs stomach acid

D. It tastes better

B. Food interferes with absorption

Which foods/supplements can interfere with levothyroxine absorption?

A. Calcium, iron, and fiber

B. Vitamin C and zinc

C. Potassium and magnesium

D. Vitamin D and B12

A. Calcium, iron, and fiber

How long does it typically take to see improvement in hypothyroidism symptoms after starting levothyroxine?

A. 24 hours

B. 3-7 days

C. 4-8 weeks

D. 6 months

C. 4-8 weeks

Is levothyroxine typically a lifelong medication?

A. No, only needed for 3 months

B. No, only needed for 1 year

C. Yes, typically lifelong therapy

D. Only needed until symptoms resolve

C. Yes, typically lifelong therapy

Can patients switch between different brands of levothyroxine without consulting their doctor?

A. Yes, they are identical

B. No, brands contain slightly different amounts and should not be switched without consulting doctor

C. Only if they are the same dose

D. Yes, but only between generic brands

B. No, brands contain slightly different amounts and should not be switched without consulting doctor

Levothyroxine is a synthetic form of which thyroid hormone?

A. T1

B. T2

C. T3

D. T4

D. T4

Hypothyroidism means the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone.

False____

Levothyroxine controls hypothyroidism but does not cure it.

True____