Chapter 4: Personality, Cultural values, & Ability

CANOE & Hofstedes dimensions

What are personality/cultural values?

Captures what people are like as individuals

• structures impact attitudes & behaviours

What is ability?

captures what people can do

What are the key elements of personality?

They are a stable set of characteristics

• genetically determined

• affects attitudes & behaviours

• can change overtime

What is the task performance order of importance of the 5 big traits?

1. Conscientiousness (most likely to engage in citizenship behaviour & not behave counterproductively)

2. Neuroticism/Emotional stability

3. Extraversion

4. Agreeableness

5. Openness to experience

(CANOE)

What is 1. Conscientiousness

Dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hardworking, persevering

• accomplishment striven

• strongest relationship to job performance

What is 2. Agreeableness

Kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, courteous, warm

• communion/acceptance striven, getting along instead of ahead

• positive relationship for certain jobs

What is 3. Neuroticism/Emotional stability

Nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, jealous, unstable

• large mood fluctuations, negative moods, stressed

• negative relationship to job performance

What is 4. Openness to experience

curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, sophisticated

• positive association depends on field/job

5. Extraversion

talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold, dominant

• thrive in social situations, appear more effective, higher job satisfaction

What is situational strength?

Behaviour & personality shown based on the situation/environment

• How would you react to a yellow light?

What is the locus of control? Internal vs. External?

The beliefs an individual has about the things that happen to them

• External: what happens is beyond control, externally caused, and comes from the outside

• Internal: what happens is within control, from own choices/abilities

What are the Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural values?

1. Individualism/Collectivism

2. Power distance

3. Uncertainty avoidance

4. Masculinity/Femininity

5. Orientation (short/long)

What is Individualism/Collectivism?

• Individualism: loose knit social framework, take care of self & family

• Collectivism: tight social framework, take care of members

What is low/high power distance?

• Low: uniform power distribution

• High: Unequal power distribution

What is low/high uncertainty avoidance?

• Low: uncertain/ambiguous situations

• High: formal rules & stability

What is masculinity/femininity?

• Masculinity: assertiveness

• Femininity: caring for others & quality of life (good benefits usually)

What is short/long term orientation?

• Short: past-prevent oriented values (tradition)

• Long: future oriented values (persistence)

What is work centrality?

The extent of work to life balance

• high score: life revolves around/fulfilled by work

What are cognitive abilities?

• Verbal (understanding oral/written communicataion)

• Quantitative (doing basic math operations)

• Reasoning (solving problems with insight/logic)

• Spatial (visual & mental awareness)

What is emotional ability?

• Emotional intelligence (understanding/use of emotions)

• Self awareness (ability to understand own emotions)

• Other awareness (ability to understand others emotions)

• Emotion regulation (quickly recover from emotional experiences)

• Use of emotions (manage emotionally charged situation)

What is physical ability?

• Strength

• Stamina

• Flexibility

• Coordination

• Psychomotor (ability to manipulate/control objects)

• Sensory (vison & hearing ability)

What is the g-factor?

The overlap of cognitive abilities