Chapter 4: Personality, Cultural values, & Ability

CANOE & Hofstedes dimensions

What are personality/cultural values?

Captures what people are like as individuals

• structures impact attitudes & behaviours

What is ability?

captures what people can do

What are the key elements of personality?

They are a stable set of characteristics

• genetically determined

• affects attitudes & behaviours

• can change overtime

What is the task performance order of importance of the 5 big traits?

1. Conscientiousness (most likely to engage in citizenship behaviour & not behave counterproductively)

2. Neuroticism/Emotional stability

3. Extraversion

4. Agreeableness

5. Openness to experience

(CANOE)

What is 1. Conscientiousness

Dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hardworking, persevering

• accomplishment striven

• strongest relationship to job performance

What is 2. Agreeableness

Kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, courteous, warm

• communion/acceptance striven, getting along instead of ahead

• positive relationship for certain jobs

What is 3. Neuroticism/Emotional stability

Nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, jealous, unstable

• large mood fluctuations, negative moods, stressed

• negative relationship to job performance

What is 4. Openness to experience

curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, sophisticated

• positive association depends on field/job

5. Extraversion

talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold, dominant

• thrive in social situations, appear more effective, higher job satisfaction

What is the locus of control? Internal vs. External?

The beliefs an individual has about the things that happen to them

• External: what happens is beyond control, externally caused, and comes from the outside

• Internal: what happens is within control, from own choices/abilities

What are the Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural values?

1. Individualism/Collectivism

2. Power distance

3. Uncertainty avoidance

4. Masculinity/Femininity

5. Orientation (short/long)

What is Individualism/Collectivism?

• Individualism: loose knit social framework, take care of self & family

• Collectivism: tight social framework, take care of members

What is low/high power distance?

• Low: uniform power distribution

• High: Unequal power distribution

What is low/high uncertainty avoidance?

• Low: uncertain/ambiguous situations

• High: formal rules & stability

What is masculinity/femininity?

• Masculinity: assertiveness

• Femininity: caring for others & quality of life (good benefits usually)

What is short/long term orientation?

• Short: past-prevent oriented values (tradition)

• Long: future oriented values (persistence)

What is work centrality?

The extent of work to life balance

• high score: life revolves around/fulfilled by work

What are cognitive abilities?

• Verbal (understanding oral/written communicataion)

• Quantitative (doing basic math operations)

• Reasoning (solving problems with insight/logic)

• Spatial (visual & mental awareness)

What is emotional ability?

• Emotional intelligence (understanding/use of emotions)

• Self awareness (ability to understand own emotions)

• Other awareness (ability to understand others emotions)

• Emotion regulation (quickly recover from emotional experiences)

• Use of emotions (manage emotionally charged situation)

What is physical ability?

• Strength

• Stamina

• Flexibility

• Coordination

• Psychomotor (ability to manipulate/control objects)

• Sensory (vison & hearing ability)

What is the g-factor?

The overlap of cognitive abilities