Counseling Quiz 2

Ableism

Discrimination and Social Prejudice against people with disabilities, can manifest in many ways

Action (Stage of Change)

The stage where a client is currently changing behavior. Clients must see success to continue, and clinicians should help them develop coping and self-efficacy skills, reminding them of progress

Affirmation (Coping Stage)

A stage of coping where a person acknowledges their condition to themselves and the world, moving beyond their own pain. This can manifest as becoming active in self-help groups, intensely desiring to help others with the condition, forming a new identity, or activism

Ambivalence

Clients can be "two minds" about the change process, which can manifest as resistance. It involves taking risks and leaving one's comfort zone, which can be scary. Ambivalence doesn't always need to be resolved to make progress but must be acknowledged

Anger (emotion felt after diagnosis)

A common reaction to a diagnosis, usually resulting from a violation of expectations or feeling helpless. Parents of disabled children may feel cheated, leading to anger. Loss of personal freedom or powerlessness can also lead to anger

Anxiety and Fear (Emotion after diagnosis)

A part of life that can either stymie change or provide tension that motivates action. Clinicians should help clients recognize, manage, and cope with these feelings through mindfulness, support networks, and education

Autonomy

The freedom to make one’s own decisions

Contemplation (Stage of Change)

The stage where clients are thinking about change, recognizing a behavior is problematic, and beginning to examine the pros and cons of continued actions. This may appear as a pro and cons list and can lead to strong ambivalence or procrastination if not pursued. Clinicians can reinforce ideas, pose questions, and discuss pros and cons

Confusion (emotion after diagnosis)

A healthy, normal part of learning. It can be alleviated by minimizing professional jargon, avoiding excessive details, and ensuring caregivers are ready to receive information, as information overload can be overwhelming

Coping

A dynamic process that typically naturally happens after a sudden change

Denial (Coping Stage)

A coping strategy based on feelings of fear and inadequacy. Clients may admit a problem exists but are not emotionally engaged, even while in therapy. Manifests as delaying diagnosis, not using tools that objectify the disability, or homework noncompliance. Therapists must recognize it as an implicit plea for help, allowing clients to process grief and gently offering/supporting more fruitful strategies

Episodic Grief

Grief in response to disability in a child, also known as "chronic sorrow," "mobile mourning," or "recurrent sadness." It is a prolonged process with no predictable end and perhaps no complete resolution, unlike stage grief

Grief

The process of letting go of an old identity and/or expectations. It is often similar to the grief process for death or terminal illness but is more amorphous and less of a straight-line progression

Guilt

Humans try to affix blame and find a cause for conditions. Mothers are especially vulnerable to it, particularly with congenital disorders, sometimes believing a "guilty secret" from pregnancy caused the condition. Parents may become overprotective or distrust professionals.

ICF Framework

States that disability is always a dynamic interaction between features of the person and features of the overall context in which they live

Identity-First Language

A choice about empowerment, stating that a condition shouldn't be something to be ashamed of. It can be a political statement

Affirmation (Coping Stage)

Acknowledging the condition to oneself and the world. Moving outside one’s own pain. This looks like becoming active in self-help groups or organizations. A new intense desire to help others with the condition.

Integration/Acceptance (Coping Stage)

Learning to live with the disorder and spending time and energy on other matters. Although there still may be pain and grief changes caused by the disorder are integrated into the new lifestyle with different values/priorities.

Internalized Stigma

Occurs when people are aware of a stereotype describing their stigmatized group, agree with it, and then apply it to themselves, associated with lower quality of life, self-esteem, self-efficacy, hopelessness, and depression

Invisible Disabilities

Disabilities not readily apparent, such as many mental illnesses, chronic illnesses, ADHD, brain injuries, learning disabilities, seizure disorders, and hearing impairment

Maintenance (Stage of Change)

Demonstrates the ability to sustain change by continuing to change behavior and working to prevent relapse. Clients must be aware of stressful situations. Clinicians should help prevent relapse, remind clients of progress, provide support if they backslide, and teach self-care and self-kindness strategies

Masking

A strategy with the goal of becoming part of the "normal" group, involving concealing signs of the condition, attributing signs to less stigmatizing conditions, or compartmentalizing knowledge of the condition. It can create anxiety due to fear of discovery

Medical Model

Situates disability within the individual, specifying it based on anatomical and physiological norms. Disability is seen as the result of physical pathology

Motivational Interviewing

Builds on humanistic theories about the capabilities for free choice and self-actualization, helping clients find internal motivation to change behavior. It focuses on finding and building on strengths, rather than a deficits-based approach

Reflective Listening (Motivational Interviewing)

Expressing empathy by seeking to understand the client’s idea/perspective, then offer it back to them to confirm understanding

Develop Discrepancies (Motivational Interviewing)

Create dissonance between client's goals or values and their current behavior, raising awareness of negative consequences to help them offer their own arguments for change

Avoid Arguements

A principle of motivational interviewing

Adjust to Client Resistance

Instead of direct opposition, use simple reflection (repeat neutrally), amplified reflection (state in more extreme way without sarcasm), or reframing (acknowledge validity but offer new meaning)

Support Self-Efficacy and Optimism

Elicit and support hope and the feasibility of accomplishing change, emphasizing the client needs to "own the change"

Passing

To be regarded as non-disabled to gain social acceptance. It involves deliberate concealment and differs from covering

Pathogenic Paradigm

A focus on understanding the origins of and treating (curing) disease, often through a dualistic "if...then" approach. It emphasizes compliance with treatment plans, with the clinician seen as "the expert"

Paternalism

Actions by an authority that limit one’s liberty or autonomy for the sake of their supposed best interests. There's a long history of able-bodied people speaking for and making decisions on behalf of people with disabilities

Person-First Language

Developed in the 1980s to recognize the person before their disability, aiming for a more intentional way to talk about people with disabilities

Pity

The feeling of sorrow and compassion caused by the suffering and misfortunes of others. Signs include the "little kid look," changes in voice/facial expression, or being "extra nice"

Patronize

To treat with apparent kindness that betrays a feeling of superiority. Signs include uninvited touching, talking louder or slower, telling someone they’re brave or "a hero" for ordinary things, or going out of one's way to offer charity

Pre-Contemplation (stage of change)

The stage where clients are not ready for change or are unaware of its benefits. They don’t intend to take action in the foreseeable future and may be unaware that their behavior is problematic. Phrases like "I won't…," "I can't…," or "I don't need to…" are typical

Preparation (Stage of Change)

The stage where clients are preparing for action, intending to act in the immediate future, and have a plan. This may include telling friends/family about therapy. Clinicians should help identify resources, instill realistic hope, and start with small, achievable steps

Repeated Trauma

A series of traumas occurring to the same person over time, common in military personnel, first responders, or journalists covering multiple wars

Resilience

Occurs when people either do not develop, or can lessen, a trauma response due to their access to and use of available resources needed to heal, such as communities coming together after a natural disaster or cultural traditions for grieving

Resistance (Coping Stage)

Clients believe they can overcome a disorder but don't accept they will have to live with it. Manifests as resistance to help from organizations or support groups, attempting to cover/pass as non-disabled, or trying to prove experts wrong. Both denial and resistance forestall the pain of grief, and confidence in coping proactively is needed to move on

Sadness (emotion after diagnosis)

A common reaction to many communication disorders, especially sudden loss of function (e.g., TBI, aphasia). Children with hearing loss or communication disorders may experience depression due to rejection, isolation, or disapproval from peers

Salutogenic Paradigm

Focuses on understanding the factors that promote health. It involves working with the person to address how their communication issues impact their life and overall wellness, and supporting a complete, complex individual by developing individualized treatment plans with them

Single Event Trauma

A traumatic response to one single event occurring at a single point in time, such as a car accident, a single instance of rape, or the death of a loved one

Social Model

Posits that disability does not exist in itself but is an effect of pre-existing social norms that exclude certain bodies, seeing disability as a result of social inequity

Social Stigma

Severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or beliefs that are against cultural norms, leading to an individual being deeply discredited and rejected by society

Sustained Trauma

A type of repeated trauma where traumatic events are chronic, such as ongoing child abuse/neglect, domestic violence, chronic poverty, or generational trauma. These types of trauma wear down resiliency

Trauma

A neurophysiological and psychological response to an adverse event (or multiple events) that sends a person (or group) into "survival mode." Their coping resources are overwhelmed, leading to lasting adverse effects like chronic fear, vulnerability, and helplessness. It is a physiological shift that results in lasting adverse effects

Transtheoretical Model of Change

Integrates constructs from several theories into a comprehensive model of behavioral change. It is useful for clinicians to understand why telling clients to do something differently doesn’t always work, as change unfolds over time through a series of stages