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Fiction
prose writing that tells imaginary characters and events. Short stories and novels are examples of this type of writing. Some writers base their writing on actual events and people, adding invented characters, dialogue, stories, and plots. Other writers reply on imagination alone.
Novel
a long work of fiction - It contains such elements as characters, plot, conflict, and setting. The writer (novelist) develops these elements. In addition to a main plot, it may contain one or more subplots, or independent, related stories. It may also have several themes
Novella
A work of fiction that is longer than a short story but is shorter than a novel
Short story
A brief work of fiction. Like a novel, it presents a sequence of events, or plot. The plot usually deals with a central conflict faced by a main character, or protagonist. The events usually communicate a message about life or human nature. This message, or central idea, is the story’s theme
Plot
Sequence of events in which each event results from a previous one and causes the next. In most novels, dramas, short stories, and narrative poems, it involves both characters and a central conflict
Exposition
Introduces the setting (the time and place of the story), the characters and the basic situation (conflict is often introduced at the end of this part of the plot)
Rising action
Events that increase the tension
Climax
The turning point of the story. It is the high point in the action of the plot. It is the moment of greatest tension when the outcome of the plot hangs in the balance
Falling action
Is the part of a story when the conflict lessons; events that follow the climax
Resolution
Is the story’s conclusion; final outcome is achieved; loose ends are tied up
Character
a person or an animal that takes part in the action of a literary work. The main, or major, one is the most important one in the story, poem or play. A minor one is one who takes part in action but is not the focus of attention
Setting
The time and place of the action. It includes all the details of a place and time - the year, the time of day, even the weather
Theme
Central message, concern, or purpose in a literary work. It can usually be expressed as generalization, or a general statement, about human beings or about life. It is not a summary of its plot
Point of View
The perspective, or vantage point, from which a story is told. It is either a narrator outside the story or a character in the story
Conflict
a struggle between opposing forces. It is one of the most important elements or stories, novels, and plays because it causes the action. There are two types: external and internal
Flashback
A scene within a story that interrupts the sequence of events to relate events that occurred in the past
Foreshadowing
The author’s use of clues to hint at what might happen later in the story
external conflict
One in which a character struggles against some kind of outside force, such as another person. Another one may occur between a character and some force in nature
internal conflict
It takes place within the mind of a character. The character struggles to make a decision, take action, or overcome feeling
First-person point of view
Told by a character who uses the first person pronoun “I"
Third-person point of view
There are two kinds, limited and omniscient. This is called “third person” because the narrator uses third-person pronouns such as he or she to refer to the characters
Third-person limited point of view
the narrator relates the inner thoughts and feelings of only one character, and everything is viewed from that character’s perspective
Third-person omniscient point of view
the narrator knows and tells about what each character feels and thinks
Dialect
The form of a language spoken by people in a particular region or group. They differ in pronunciation, grammar, and word choice. (The use of it gives a short story a more authentic fell and helps a character’s words sound more realistic.)
Dialogue
conversation between characters. In poems, novels, and short stories, dialogue is usually set off by quotation marks to indicate a speaker’s exact words
Protagonist
The main character in literary work. It is often a person but sometimes it can be an animal.
Antagonist
This is a character or a force in conflict with a main character, or protagonist
Alliteration
The repetition of initial consonant sounds. Writers use this device to draw attention to certain words, ideas, to imitate sounds, and to create musical effects
Tone
The writer’s attitude toward his or her audience and subject. It can often be described by a single adjective, such as formal or informal, serious or playful, bitter, or ironic
Mood
the general feeling or atmosphere that a piece of writing creates within the reader
comedy
a literary work, especially a play, which is light, often humorous or satirical, and ends happily. They frequently depict ordinary characters faced with temporary difficulties and conflicts
drama
a story written to be preformed by actors. Although it is meant to be preformed, one can also read the script, or written version, and imagine the action
script
made up of dialogue and stage directions
dialogue
the words spoken by actors
acts
this is how drama is divided
stage directions
notes included in a drama to be describe the work is to be preformed or staged. These are usually printed in italics and inclosed with parentheses or brackets. They describe the movements, costumes, emotional states, and the ways of speaking of the characters
scene
a section of uninterrupted action in the act of a drama
playwright
a person who writes playes
tragedy
a work of literature, especially a play, that results is catastrophe for the main character. in modern drama, the main character can be an ordinary person, and the cause of it can be some evil in society itself
set
the scenery used for a play or movie
theater
a building or outdoor area in which plays and other dramatic performances are given
prop
a portable object other than furniture or costumes used on the set of a play or movie
dynamic character
one who changes or grows during the course of the work
static character
one who does not change
figurative language
is writing or speech that is not meant to be taken literally. The many types are known as figures of speech. Common figures of speech include metaphor, personification, and simile. Writers use these techniques to state ideas in vivid and imaginative ways
hyperbole
a form of figurative language that uses exaggeration for effect
imagery
a technique of writing with images
images
words or phrases that appeal to one or more of the five senses. Writers use these to describe how their subjects look, sound, feel, taste, and smell
motive
a reason that explains or partially explains a character’s thoughts, feelings, actions, or speech. Writers try to make their characters’ thoughts, feelings, actions, or speech as clear as possible
narrative
a story. Novels and short stories are fictional examples. Biographies and autobiographies are nonfiction examples
onomatopoeia
is the use of words that imitate sounds. Crash, buzz, screech, hiss, neigh, jingle, and cluck are all examples
personification
figurative language in which a nonhuman subject is given human characteristics
repitition
the use, more than once, of any element of language- a sound, word, phrase, clause, or sentence
simile
a figure of speech that uses like or as to make a direct comparison between two unlike ideas. Everyday speech contains these, such as “pale as a ghost”, “good as gold”, “spread like a wildfire” and “clever as a fox”
symbol
anything that stands for or represents something else. These are common in everyday life. A dove with an olive branch in its beak means peace. A blindfolded women holding a balanced scale for justice
universal theme
a message about life that is expressed regularly in many different cultures and time periods. Folk tales, epics, and romances often contain these like the importance or courage, the power of love, or the danger of greed
metophor
a figure of speech in which something is described as though it were something else. It works by pointing out a similarity between two unlike things
allusion
a reference to something else. in literature, it’s frequently used to reference cultural works (e.g. a biblical story or Greek myth)