psyc personality theories test review

personality

individual’s pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions

free association

let the patient relax and say whatever came to mind, a window into the unconscious

preconscious

region of the mind holding information that's not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness

unconscious

region of the mind that is a reservoir, mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

freudian slip

reflects things people would like to say

id

demands immediate gratification

ego

makes decisions after listening to the demands of the id and restraints of the superego

superego

what we should do, morals

repression

banishes anxious thoughts, feelings, and memories from the consciousness, traumatic event

denial

lets an anxious person refuse to admit something unpleasant is happening

regression

retreat to a more infantile stage of life

reaction formation

reverses an unacceptable impulse causing an anxious person to express the opposite of the anxiety, provoking unconscious feeling

projection

disguises threatening feelings of guilty anxiety by attributing the problem to others

rationalization

self-explaining things in a way that hides the behavior’s actual reason to reduce anxiety

displacement

shifts an unacceptable impulse towards a more acceptable and less threatening object or person

procrastination

pushing something off

what did freud believe?

our childhood experiences shape our personality, sex and aggression motivate our behavior

psychonanalysis

bringing the unconscious thoughts to the surface done thru hypnosis, free association, or dream interpretation

who were freud’s patients?

rich, older women, none of his patients were children

what principle does the id act on?

pleasure principle

what principle does the ego act on?

reality principle

what principle does the superego act on?

morality principle

oral stage

pleasure centers on the mouth thru sucking, biting, and chewing

first 18 months

weaning is a conflict

anal stage

pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder functions, coping with demands of control

18 months-3 years

potty training is a conflict

phallic stage

pleasure focuses on the genitals, coping with incestuous feelings

3-6 years

oedipus complex

boys feel love for their mothers and fear and jealousy for fathers, named after greek tragedy

latency stage

dormant sexual feelings

6-puberty

child represses feelings for rival parent

girls connect with mom, boys connect with dad

genital stage

maturation of sexual interests

puberty onwards

person experiences sexual feelings towards others

what does an oral fixation lead a person to be?

smoker, nail biter, gum chewer, alcoholic, overweight

what does an anal fixation lead a person to be?

very neat (too early potty trained) or very messy (too late potty trained)

electra complex

girls feel attraction towards dad

what did Alfred Adler believe?

agreed about importance of childhood experience, social tensions were crucial in the development of personality, psyc problems in personalities centered on feelings of inferiority

inferiority complex

organize our thoughts based on our perceived mistakes

what did Carl Jung disagree with Freud on?

the importance of the role of the unconscious in personality development

collective unconcious

shared internal reservoir of memory traced from our ancestors, things we all know

archetypes

universal symbols

what did Karen Horney believe?

Freud’s theory was male dominated, societal expectations separated male and female not anatomy, anxiety is brought on by society’s competitiveness

projective tests

provide ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of inner thoughts and feelings, designed to provide insight into unconscious motives

TAT (thematic apperception test)

people express inner feelings and interests thru stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Rorschach inkblot test

set of 10 inkblots used to identify a person’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the inkblot, test is NOT reliable

how did the neofreudians differ from the fruedians?

emphasis in NOT just sex and aggression, it’s society and relationships which shape our personality

“we are shaped by our future as well as our past”-carl jung

shadow

man’s animal side of the personality, evil side

humanistic

conscious experiences

what did Abraham Maslow make?

hierarchy of needs to explain personality and personal growth

esteem

need for self-esteem, need for repect and recognition from others

belonigingness and love

need to love and be loved, belong and be accepted, avoid loneliness and alienation

safety

need to feel the world is organized and predictable, need to feel safe, secure, and stable

physiological

need to satisfy hunger and thirst

self-acualization

highest level, work towards a life that is challenging, productive, and meaningful

self-aware and self-accepting

these people discovered their calling, learned compassion, and outgrew any mixed feelings towards their parents

what did carl rogers believe?

agreed that people strive for self-actualization and that people will flourish with acceptance, genuineness, and empathy

unconditional positive regard

attitude of total acceptance towards another person, values others while aware of faults

self-concept

all your thoughts and feelings about yourself in answer to “who am I?”

what did albert bandura believe?

believed that we learn by observing and modeling the behaviors of others or by having certain behaviors reinforced/rewarded, consider the situation and how they think, and social interaction

reciprocal determinism

mutual influences between personality and environmental factors

your thoughts/cognitions

your environment

your behaviors

all factors interact with each other

external locus of control

perception that chance, or forces outside yourself and beyond your control determines your fate

internal locus of control

perception that you control your own fate

less depressed

more likely to be healthy

achieve more in school, more independent

cope better with stress

learned helplessness

hopeless feeling when an animal or human can’t avoid repreated bad events

martin seligman

demonstrated the development of learned helplessness in dogs that had no control of negative effects

positive psyc

movement that studies optimal human functioning and factors that allow people to thrive

everyone had optimistic and pessimistic side

optimistic style

explain bad events as temporary, not your fault

pessimistic explanatory style

blame themself, make event a catastrophe, see problem as beyond their control

bad grades

depression

shorter life