AP PYSCH MIDTERM

Psychology

Psychology

the study of behaviors & mental processes

Big issues in psych

Stability vs change

Rationality vs irrationality

nature vs nurture

stability vs change

stays the same vs different

does not change vs does not stay the same

nature vs nurture

innate vs taught

inherited vs enviornment

rationality vs irrationality

aware vs unaware

conscious vs unconscious

Plato

He believes in the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate and inborn (nativism/nature).

Aristotle

He believes in philosophical empiricism which states that knowledge is gained through experience.

Wundt

He believes in the idea of structuralism. Structuralism is when you analyze the brain by breaking it down to its main components.

introspection

 method of studying psychological process by asking participants to describe exactly what they are experiencing as they work on mental tasks

descartes

knowledge is innate

Psychodynamic perspective

unconcious, unaware, repressed memories, dream analysis

cognitive perspective

process, store, retrieve info

think, interpretation, concious mind

behavioral perspective

learn, observable behaviors, see & record

humanistic perspective

interpersonal, human growth, potential, self-concept

socio-cultural perspective

culture, race, religion, ethnicity

biological neuroscience perspective

horomones, neurotransmitters, drugs, structure of the brain

biological evolutionary perspective

survive, pass along their genes, natural selection.

biological behavioral genetics perspective

genes, environment, inheritance, nature vs nurture

functionalism

School of Psychology to understand why animals and humans have developed particular psychological aspects.

locke

human life begins a blank slate & then shaped by human experience

eclectic

broad, uses various approaches

Biopsychosocial

incorporates socio-cultural, psychological, and biological factors

experiments

prove cause & effect

independent variable

cause

the thing that is manipulated

dependent variable

effect

behaivour expected to change

experimenter bias

researcher unconsciously affects results/data or participant

control group

recieve standard medication

without the independent variable

experimental group

with the independent variable

IV must be

operationally defined so it can be reliable —>replicated

Reliability leads to

replication

hindsight bias

the know it all effect

tedency after knowing an outcome to have foreseen it

response/participant bias

falsely respond to questions

false consensus effect

tendency to overestimate that a person’s view on something is widely shared

population

all the people in a group being studied

random sample

represents population because each person has equal chance to be participant

random assignment

division of sample into group so each individual has chance to be put in experimental group.

naturalistic observation

unaffected, uninterrupted

descriptive behaviors

describe behaivours, do not prove causation

case study

based on one individual/phenomenom

laboratory observation

done in a lab

survey

many people, wording effect, population

correlational studies

shows relationships between 2 factors & does NOT prove causation.

experimental studies

manipulates variables to prove causation

mode

most reoccuring

mean

average

median

middle

standard deviation

computed score on how much scores vary around mean

illusory correlation

The perception of a relationship where none exists

statistical significance

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

placebo

scatterplot

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables

double-blind procuedure

both researcher and experimenter are ignorant

single-blind experiment

only participant is ignorant about experiment

ethics in experimenting

informed consent, debriefing, no coercion, confidentiality, no harm/risk, no decieving subjects

negatively skewed distribution

skewed to the right

positively skewed scores

skewed to the left

normal distribution

mean= mode= median

range

difference between highest and lowest score

correlation coefficient

measures between -1 to 1

strongest is when number is between -1 or 1

endorphins

takes away pain

too much = runners high

excess ACh

alzeihmers

deficiency ACh

paralysis

excess dopamine

schrizophenia

defieciency dopamine

parkinsons

deficiency GABA

seizures/anxiety

deficiency glutamate

migraines

agonists

do the same job as neurotransmitters (mimic)

antagonists

block neurotransmitters from its job

reuptake inhibitor

stops reuptake of neurotransmitters

central nervous system

brain & spinal cord

passage of neuron

dendrite→soma→nuclues→axon(myelin sheath)→terminal branches→synapse

action potential

neural impulse

action potential process

resting poteintial→ depolarization→repolarization→refractory period

sensory/afferent neurons

senses receptors to interneurons (spinal cord)

interneurons

msgs comes from sensory neurons to motor neurons

motor/efferent neurons

msg comes from interneuron to effectors

Limbic system

Amygdala, hippocampus, hypthalmus, thalmus

Brainstem

medulla, pons, reticular formation, cerebellum

cerebrum

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occiptal lobe, temporal lobe

frontal lobe

motor cortex- voluntary movement

broca’s area- allows to speak

pre-frontal cortex-responsible for rational, logical thinking

parietal lobe

sensory cortex- allows to feel touch

angular gyrus- allow to read

occipital lobe

visual cortex-helps to see

peripheral nervous system

sensory & motor neurons

reticular formation

awake/asleep, arousal, attention, alertness

medulla

breathing, heartrate

EEG

amplified recording of brain waves& electrical activities across brain

CT scan

series of x-ray phtographs taken by different angles

PET scan

uses radioactive glucose & shows function of brain

MRI

image of brain & uses magnetics

fMRI

reveals bloodflow & brain activity

lesion

tissue destruction

temporal lobe

auditory cortex- to hear

wernicke’s area- understand language

longitudal study

study over long period of time with the same subjject

cross sectional study

study conducted on participants over a long period of time