Lower Limb Bones and features

os coxae (coxal bones)

also known as pelvic girdle, everything x2 bc u have two ossa coxae and one sacrum

the coxae connect at the pubic symphysis (only articulate ventrally not dorsally), they dorsally articulate with the sacrum

each formed through the fusing of three bones- ilium, ischium, and pubis (they all meet at the acetabulum (big fossa of hip joint)

ilium

most superior and largest part of coxae, has a flat blade called the iliac blade, in medial view the iliac blade is the iliac fossa, superior border of the blade is the iliac crest

anterior side has two iliac spines (superior and inferior) that are muscle attachment sites

dorsal side has two spines (same as anterior), just inferior to the iliac tuberosity

ischium

projection dorsally creates the greater sciatic notch between ilium and ischium, followed by spine of ischium and lower sciatic notch is inferior

most inferior is the ischial tuberosity(where you sit)

inferior ramus of ischium is between the ischium and pubis

pubis

inferior pubic ramus connects pubis and ischium, superior ramus connects to ilium

most central part of pubis is the pubic tubercle

hole between the ischium and the pubis is the obturator foramen (covered by membrane)

pelvis

2 os coxae and1 sacrum, is part axial and part appendicular skeleton

pubic arch

angle between two pubic tubercles

men is 90 degrees, women is 120 degrees

pelvic brim

outlines foramen

aka pelvic inlet above brim between two iliac blades

greater pelvis is false, and lesser pelvis is true (pelvic cavity with organs)

pelvic and abdominal cavities have no diaphragm separating them

femur

longest and strongest bone in the body

head of femur is medial and fits into the acetabulum (hip socket)-allows for abduction,adduction,flexion, extension, rotation, and circumduction of thigh

fovea capitis is pit between head and intertrochanteric crest which holds a tendon and artery

neck of femur extends from head to intertrochanteric line and trochanters

greater trochanter is lateral to the head and lesser trochanter is inferomedial to head (connected by intertrochanteric crest

has lateral and medial condyles that form the knee joint (patellar surface), also has lateral and medial epicondyles on either side that are muscle attachment sites

patella

sesamoid bone inside quadriceps femoris that articulates with patellar surface of the femur (is triangular shaped/upside down triangle), the middle point facing down is the apex

although CT covering patella is from quadriceps femoris tendon, portion from the apex to the tibia is the patellar ligament-strengthens quads femoris, protects knee joint and increases leverage of quads femoris, commonly dislocated laterally

tibia

medial bone in leg (2nd largest skeletal bone), articulates at both ends with fibula (proximal/distal tibiofibular joints), there is an interroseus membrane between it and the fibula, lateral and medial condyles articulate with those of the femur, intercondylar eminence separates the condyles and articulates with the apex of the patella

tibial tuberosity has patellar ligament, on distal/medial side there is a medial malleolus with articular surface for talus of foot

anteromedial side has anterior crest

fibula

much smaller than tibia and is lateral, bears nearly no body weight

has a head that articulates with tibia at the proximal tibiofibular joint, then a shaft and a distal tibiofibular joint, also has a lateral malleolus that articulates with the foot

tarsus

has 7 bones

only talus articulates with the tibia and fibula (is big on medial side), calcaneous is the heel bone on the lateral side and is the largest and strongest bone in the foot, posterior region has calcaneal tuberosity which is where you hit the ground

lateral cuboid and medial navicular are distal to calcaneous and talus, 3 cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral

metatarsals (1-5)

have base, shaft and head

pedal phalanges

have proximal, middle, and distal phalanges

go medial to lateral because big toe is #1- also known as hallux

has lateral longitudinal arch and medial longitudinal arch, transverse arch goes from side to side as it is more energy efficient and brings spring to your step reducing musculoskeletal wear (flat feet cause pain)