Immune system use week 4 to help answer some questions and week 5 card about mirna role in innate and adaptive immune system

Symbiotic relationship is…

organisms coexisting with each other

mutualistic relationship is…

2 organism that live side by side benefiting each other

commensal relationship is…

2 organism that live side by side benefiting one without harming the other

parasitic

2 organism that live side by side benefiting one at the expense of the other.

What types of therapeutics could we create more effectively if we understand the immune system better?

inflammatory edition

specific inflammatory modulators - anti inflammatory drugs that target places u don’t want inflammation.

What types of therapeutics could we create more effectively if we understand the immune system better?

drugs and vaccine edition

drugs that won’t have off target effect on the immune system.

personalised vaccines

drugs that upregulate immune system and supress immune system

Name the 2 immune systems we have

Adaptive and innate immune systems

vaccines target which of the 2 immune systems

Adaptive

how do vaccines target the immune system

give a very specific stimulus that trains ur immune system to respond to that stimulus at a later date

tell me about the innate system activity level and position of defence

Its active all the time and the body first line of defence against invading pathogens

What are macrophages?

They eat pathogens

Why did we evolve from only innate immune system to adaptive

Cus innate doesn’t have long-lasting protection against infection

Some pathogens could invade innate immunity and need additional protection to deal with those pathogens

To create a more intelligent defence system, evolutionary processes allowed the development of the adaptive immune system. Name the cells

T Cells

B Cells

NK Cells

How do B Cells fight pathogens

recognises a pathogen and produces antibodies to different parts of the pathogen

How do T Cells fight pathogens

recognises infected cells and kill em they do it to stop pathogen from replicating inside the cell and spreading to rest of d body

How do NK Cells fight pathogens

: kill virus-infected and abnormal cells

innate immune system strategies for protection from microorganisms

Prevents you from being colonised or infected with a pathogen

rapid non specific attacks to all pathogens

•Exists before an infection

Adaptive immune system strategies for protection from microorganisms

Specialised Response to pathogens and requires training

Needs to be activated to respond and adapt to an infection

Each time u get infected with that pathogen or a similar one ur immune response gets stronger

Remembers infectious agents

Stages of the innate response to a pathogen

1.Macrophage is attracted to the inflammitory site

2.Recognition and attachment to receptor of pathogen and recruits more cell to the area

3.Endocytosis - engulfs pathogen

4.Phagosome-lysosome fusion

5.Kills the pathogen

6.Digestion or destroy the virus or bacteria

Phagosome-lysosome fusion is when

a whole inside the macrophage is created like a tummy, sends lysosomes that have substances that digest bacteria

Endocytosis is when the macrophage

engulfs pathogen

describe signalling pathways the macrophage uses to recognise bacteria

Bacteria activates TLR4 receptor that has a specific bit and the end of it that binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or (LTA) that is the way macrophage recognises that they are bacteria

What happens when macrophage recognises that they are bacteria

Inflammatory pathway activated

Direct antimicrobial response

Adaptive response macrophage digest bacteria and shows part of the bacteria to the immune system

Allowing immune system to recognise it and act quickly next time to bacteria

How does gut recognise bacteria is commensal

• Regulatory T Cells and anti-inflammatory cytokine

• has physical barriers Gut is lined with mucous

• looks for pattern in bacteria, when it spots a pattern it tells immune system that could cause damage or commensal and knows not respond

Regulatory T Cells nd anti-inflammatory cytokines do what

Stop you from producing an inflammatory response

Commensal gut Microbiota are good cus

they produce substances that our immune system needs to work properly.

Dysbiosis is when

Bad bacteria takes over good bacteria

What happens when Bad bacteria takes over good bacteria

• Gut barrier can fail,

• immune system over responds

• immune system responds against itself

• chronic inflammation

Arthritis is when the….

immune system responds against itself

example of conditions when Bad bacteria takes over good bacteria

• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

• Allergies and Asthma

• Metabolic Disorders

• Autoimmune Conditions

Host Defence Peptides are part of what immune system

innate

describe what Host Defence Peptides (HPD) do

• Kills bacteria directly within 5 mins

• Can stimulate the growth of healthy bacteria

• Change the way your immune system works

• Contribute to the barrier of ur gut by preventing bacteria from escaping

what are the families of Host Defence Peptides called in humans

Cathelicidins and Defensins

Host Defence Peptides are released…

when u get an infection or have an inflammation

how do Host Defence Peptides work?

• Bind to the membrane of bacteria’s and viruses

• Punch holes in the outer membranes in those organisms

• Kills em

LL 37 is found where

neutrophil

what happens when neutrophils are recruited to a sight of infection

they degranulate, they release all their interior substances that are contained in granules, those granules contain their host defence peptides

LL 36 and HPD can be stimulated by

Vitamin D and Butyrate

Why is it bad thing that folk with cystic fibrosis have more HPDs than healthy person

they have disrupted salt concentration in their lungs, HPDs require low salt concentration to work , so their peptide does not work very well.

what makes HPDs good modulators for symbiosis, how does it benefit us

• kill pathogenic bacteria but don’t kill the healthy bacteria

• They regulate our bacterial population in our gut nd respiratory tract

HPDs change the way your immune system works

by stimulating inflammation or inhibiting it

How does HPD Contribute to the barrier of ur gut

by preventing bacteria from escaping

How do parasites invade immune system

Antigenic Variation

Immune Modulation

Latency or Dormancy

Trypanosomes invade the immune system how?

Change their surface proteins

How do parasites use Immune Modulation to invade the immune system ?

by suppressing immune responses lots of parasites release molecules that look like anti-inflammatory cytokine, tricking immune system it doesn’t exist

how does toxoplasma invade the immune system ?

Hides inside immune cell then suddenly some stimulus causes em to reactivate