Hemodynamic Disorders and Shock in Pathology

Hemodynamic Disorders

Conditions affecting blood flow and circulation.

Thromboembolic Disease

Obstruction of blood vessels by clots.

Shock

Critical condition with inadequate blood flow.

Fluid Homeostasis

Balance of fluids in the body.

Vascular Volume

Total blood volume within the circulatory system.

Endothelial Function

Role of endothelial cells in vascular health.

Edema

Excess fluid in interstitial tissue spaces.

Intravascular Pressure

Pressure within blood vessels.

Osmolarity

Concentration of solutes in body fluids.

Thrombosis

Clot formation at inappropriate sites.

Embolism

Migration of clots obstructing blood flow.

Infarction

Tissue death due to lack of blood supply.

Hemorrhage

Excessive bleeding from blood vessels.

Hypotension

Abnormally low blood pressure.

Anasarca

Severe generalized edema with swelling.

Hydrothorax

Fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity.

Hydropericardium

Fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity.

Hydroperitoneum

Fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity.

Sodium Retention

Increased sodium levels causing fluid retention.

Water Retention

Increased water levels leading to edema.

Lymphatic Obstruction

Blockage preventing lymph fluid drainage.

Congestive Heart Failure

Heart's inability to pump effectively.

Reduced Cardiac Output

Decreased heart efficiency affecting renal blood flow.

Renal Hypoperfusion

Inadequate blood flow to kidneys causing dysfunction.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis

Hormonal system regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.

Secondary Aldosteronism

Increased aldosterone due to renal hypoperfusion.

Increased Venous Pressure

Elevated pressure in veins due to fluid overload.

Edema

Swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in tissues.

Reduced Plasma Osmotic Pressure

Lowered pressure due to albumin loss or synthesis reduction.

Nephrotic Syndrome

Kidney disorder causing protein loss and edema.

Cirrhosis

Liver disease leading to fluid retention and edema.

Protein Malnutrition

Insufficient protein intake causing low serum albumin.

Lymphatic Obstruction

Impaired lymphatic drainage leading to localized swelling.

Lymphedema

Swelling due to lymphatic system blockage.

Filariasis

Parasitic infection causing massive lymphatic obstruction.

Elephantiasis

Severe lymphedema of lower limbs from filariasis.

Peau de Orange

Skin appearance resembling orange peel due to edema.

Sodium and Water Retention

Fluid retention contributing to various edema forms.

Increased Hydrostatic Pressure

Elevated pressure in blood vessels causing fluid leakage.

Clinical Correlation

Edema indicates underlying disease, impacting healing.

Pulmonary Edema

Fluid in lungs impairing breathing and can be fatal.

Brain Edema

Swelling in the brain risking herniation and vascular compression.

Hyperemia

Increased blood flow to tissue from arteriolar dilation.

Congestion

Local blood volume increase due to impaired outflow.

Hyperemia

Increased blood flow to tissues, causing redness.

Congestion

Passive blood accumulation due to impaired outflow.

Cyanosis

Blue-red color from deoxygenated hemoglobin accumulation.

Chronic Congestion

Long-standing blood stasis causing chronic hypoxia.

Edema

Swelling due to increased fluid transudation.

Hemorrhage

Extravasation of blood due to vessel rupture.

Hematoma

Localized blood accumulation within tissues.

Petechiae

Minute 1-2 mm hemorrhages in skin or membranes.

Purpura

Slightly larger (>3 mm) hemorrhages in tissues.

Ecchymoses

Larger (>1-2 cm) bruises from trauma.

Bilirubin

Blue-green pigment from hemoglobin breakdown.

Hemosiderin

Gold-brown pigment from degraded hemoglobin.

Hemothorax

Blood accumulation in the pleural cavity.

Hemopericardium

Blood accumulation in the pericardial cavity.

Hemoperitoneum

Blood accumulation in the peritoneal cavity.

Hemarthrosis

Blood accumulation in joint cavities.

Jaundice

Yellowing of skin from bilirubin buildup.

Clinical Correlation

Significance of hemorrhage depends on volume and rate.

Rapid Blood Loss

Loss of up to 20% blood volume is critical.

Capillary Rupture

May cause small foci of hemorrhage.

Macrophages

Cells that degrade and phagocytose red blood cells.

Hemorrhage

Loss of blood leading to potential shock.

Hemorrhagic Shock

Severe blood loss causing inadequate perfusion.

Intracranial Pressure

Pressure within the skull affecting brain function.

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

Anemia due to chronic blood loss, reducing iron.

Normal Hemostasis

Processes maintaining blood in a fluid state.

Hemostatic Plug

Rapid clot formation at injury site.

Thrombosis

Inappropriate clot formation in uninjured vessels.

Virchow Triad

Three factors predisposing to thrombus formation.

Endothelial Injury

Damage to blood vessel lining promoting thrombosis.

Blood Stasis

Reduced blood flow increasing thrombus risk.

Blood Hypercoagulability

Increased tendency for blood to clot.

Thrombus Propagation

Thrombus growth due to platelet and fibrin accumulation.

Embolization

Dislodged thrombus traveling to distant sites.

Dissolution

Removal of thrombus by fibrinolytic activity.

Organization

Thrombus-induced inflammation and fibrosis.

Recanalization

Restoration of blood flow through a thrombus.

Venous Thrombosis

Thrombus formation in veins, often legs.

Superficial Venous Thrombi

Thrombi in superficial veins causing local symptoms.

Deep Venous Thrombi

Serious thrombi in deep leg veins.

Varicosities

Enlarged veins predisposing to thrombus formation.

Thrombotic Obstruction

Blockage of vessels due to thrombus presence.

Thrombosis

Formation of a blood clot within a vessel.

Arterial Thrombosis

Clot formation in arteries, often due to atherosclerosis.

Cardiac Thrombosis

Clot formation in the heart, often post-myocardial infarction.

Atherosclerosis

Vascular disease causing abnormal flow and endothelial damage.

Mural Thrombi

Thrombi attached to the heart wall, common in MI.

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Condition leading to atrial thrombi from mitral stenosis.

Cerebral Artery Thrombosis

Clot in cerebral arteries leading to cerebral infarction.

Embolism

Detached mass traveling in blood to distant sites.

Thromboembolism

Embolism originating from a dislodged thrombus.

Types of Emboli

Includes fat, air, tumor fragments, and atherosclerotic debris.

Ischemic Necrosis

Tissue death due to insufficient blood supply, called infarction.

Pulmonary Thromboembolism

Obstruction of pulmonary arteries by emboli.

Saddle Embolus

Embolus occluding the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery.

Clinical Silent Emboli

Small pulmonary emboli often cause no symptoms.