Chapter 10- Musculoskeletal

Adduction

Moves closer to the midline

abduction

moves away from midline

flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

extension

Increases the angle of a joint

rotation

moves a bone around its own axis

Pronation

Turns the palm downward

Supination

turns the palm upward

Inversion

Moves the sole of the foot inward

Eversion

Moves the sole the foot outward

Dorsiflexion

Elevates the foot

Plantar flexion

lowers the foot (points the toes)

leiomy/o

smooth(visceral) muscle

muscul/o, my/o

muscle

rhabd/o

rod-shaped (striated)

rhabdomy/o

rod-shaped (striated) muscle

brachi/o

arm

carp/o

carpus (wirst bone)

cephal/o

head

cervic/o

neck; cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)

clavicul/o

clavicle (collar bone)

crani/o

cranium (skull)

dactyl/o

fingers; toes

humer/o

humerus (upper arm bone)

metacarp/o

metacarpus (hand bones)

phalang/o

phalanges (bone of the fingers and toes)

radi/o

radiation, x-ray radius (lower arm bone on the thumb side)

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

vertebrae (backbone)

stern/o

sternum (breastbone)

thorac/o

chest

calcane/o

calcaneum (heel bone)

femor/o

femur (thigh bone)

fibul/o

fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)

ili/o

ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone)

ischi/o

ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)

lumb/o

loins (lower back)

metatars/o

metatarsus (foot bones)

patell/o

patella (kneecap)

pelv/i, pelv/o

pelvis

pod/o

foot

pub/o

pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)

tibi/o

tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)

ankyl/o

stiffness; bent, crooked

arthr/o

joint

chondr/o

cartilage

fasci/o

band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)

fibr/o

fiber, fibrous tissue

kyph/o

humpback

lamin/o

lamina (part of vertebral arch)

lord/o

curve, swayback

myel/o

bone marrow; spinal cord

orth/o

straight

oste/o

bone

ped/o, ped/i

foot; child

scoli/o

crooked, bent

synov/o

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon

asthenia

weakness, debility

\-clasia

to break; surgical fracture (intentional fracture)

\-clast

to break; surgical fracture (cell that breaks down bone cells)

\-desis

binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)

\-malacia

softening

\-porosis

porous

\-sarcoma

malignant tumor of connective tissue

a-

without, not

dys-

bad; painful; difficult

syn-

union, together, joined

bunion (hallux valgus)

deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally toward the other toes

carpal tunnel syndrome

painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass)

claudication

lameness, limping

contracture

muscles and ligaments in hand contract and make finger stuck in certain position. fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

crepitation

Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction

ganglion cyst

Fluid-filled tumor that commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands but may also appear in the feet

gout

temporary joint inflammation caused by uric acid crystal deposits in the joint space

herniated disk

Rupture or a vertebral disk’s center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge, causing pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs; also called slipped disc or herniate nucleus pulposus (HNP)

hypotonia

Loss of muscle tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching

myasthenia gravis

chronic, progressive disorder, characterized by muscle weakness and droopiness, especially in the eyes, face, throat, and limbs

osteomyelitis

infection of the bone= Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow and the soft tissue that surrounds the bone

osteoporosis

loss of calcium and bone tissue, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured; most commonly seen in postmenopausal women

Paget Disease

Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, and the skull

Phantom Limb

Perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists

rickets

form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis

spinal curvatures

any persistent, abnormal deviation of the vertebral column from its normal position that causes an abnormal spinal curvature

scoliosis

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right or left; also called C-shaped curvature (sideways)

kyphosis

abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine; also known as humpback or hunchback (upper back)

lordosis

Abnormal, inward curvature a of a portion of the lower part of the spine; also known as swayback

spondylolisthesis

Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

\-listhesis

slipping

spondylosis

Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues

sprain and strain

overstretching or tearing of ligaments (sprain) or muscle or tendon (strain)

subluxation

partial or incomplete dislocation of one or more vertebrae

talipes equinovarus

congenital deformity of one or both feet are pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot

arthrography

series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the counter of the joint

bone density test (bine densitometry)

noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measures bine of the spine, hip and forearm; also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

discography

radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium

lumbosacral spinal radiography

Radiological of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine

myelography

radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated, intervertebral disks, or other lesions

bone scintigraphy

Nuclear medicine procedure that involves intravenous injection of a radionuclide taken up into the bone

amputation

partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of disease, trauma, or a circulatory disorder

arthrocentesis

puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid or inject medications

arthroclasia

surgical breaking or an ankylosed joint to provide movement