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What are the major components of the CV system?
-heart, blood vessels, blood
What are the epithelial tissues found in the CV
simple squamous
What are the connective tissues found in the CV
blood, elastic, and dense irregular
What nervous system innervates the CV
autonomic
What specific muscle tissues are in the CV?
cardiac and smooth
The CV delivers ____ and ______ to tissues
oxygen; nutrients
The CV removes _____ and _____ from tissues
carbon dioxide; waste
the CV assists respiratory and urinary systems with _________ regulation
acid base
The CV has ____ functions ______ repair, and maintains _______
immunity; injury; homeostasis
What are the 3 layers of blood?
plasma, buffy coat, and red blood cells
What is in the plasma
water, protiens, and solutes
what is in the buffy coat
White blood cells, and platelets
What are white blood cells also called
leukocytes
What are platelets also called
thrombocytes
What are red blood cells also called
erythrocytes
What are the 3 formed elements
leukocytes, ethrocytes, and thrombocytes
What are the 3 functions of blood
transporation, protection, and regulation
what is hemopoiesis
the formation of formed elements
multipotent stem cells can split into ______ and ____ stem cells
myeloid and lymphoid
What turns myeloid stem cells into RBCs
erythropoetin
Thrombopoetin turns myeloid stem cells into
thrombocytes (platelets)
cytokines turn myeloid stem cells into what 4 cells
eosinophiles, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes
WBCs that are antiparasytic and are phagocytes
eosinophils
Basophiles release _____ and ____ for inflammation
histamine and heparin
WBCs that are anti bacterial, antifungal and phagocytes
neutrophils
monocytes are
macrophages: large phagocytes stuck in an organ or tissue
cytokines turn lymphoid stem cells into _____ and ____
b-lymphocytes; t-lymphocytes
which lymphocyte is responsible for antibody production
b-lymphocytes
Which lymphocytes is responsible for attacking infected body cells or tumors
t-lymphocytes
How is the biconcave structure good for RBCs
it allows for flexibility and increases surface area
RBCs can't ____ or _____
self reproduce or perform metabolism
RBCs have no
nuclues or organelles
What are the 3 componenets of RBCs
hemoglobin, 4 heme rings with iron, and carbonic anhydrase
What component of RBCs binds oxygen
4-heme rings with iron
What component of RBCs binds CO2
hemoglobin
What are the receptors for low blood oxygen
kidneys
What do the kidneys release to increase blood oxygen
EPO
What is the control center for RBCs
red marrow of long bones
What are the 3 mechanisms to stop blood loss
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting
vascular spasm causes _______ of arteries and arterioles
vasoconstriction
What is the first step to platelet plug formation
platelets adhere to injury site
What is the 2nd step to platelet plug formation?
platelet release reaction
What happens in the platelet release reaction?
platelets are activated and release chemicals
What is the 3rd step of platelet plug formation?
platelet aggrigation
What is it called when platelets stick together and form a platelet plug?
platelet aggrigation
In coagulation blood becomes gel like and _______ are formed
fibrin threads
When tissues are damaged, blood clotting goes through the ______ pathway
extrinsic
What activates prothrombonase in the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting
tissue factor
When platelets are damaged blood clotting goes through the ____ pathway
intrinsic
What activates prothrombonase in the intrinsic blood clotting pathway?
factor XII
In the blood clotting pathway prothrombonase turns _____ into _____
prothrombin; thrombin
In the blood clotting pathway thrombin turns ______ into _____
fibrinogen; fibrin
What traps formed elements and forms blood clots?
fibrin
the pericardium does what?
protects against abrasion
What are the layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep?
fibrous pericardium, parietal layer, serous pericardium, visceral layer, myocardium, endocardium
what type of tissue is the fibrous pericardium made of?
dense irregular CT
The fibrous pericardium prevents _______ and is for _______
overstretching, protection
What adheres to the fibrous pericardium?
the parietal layer
serous fluid is between the ____ and ___ layers
parietal; visceral
serous fluid reduces _____
friction
There serous pericardium consists of
parietal layer, serous fluid, and visceral layer
What 2 tissues is the serous pericardium make of
simple squamous epithelium, and loose connective tissue
What contracts the heart and moves blood
myocardium
the endocardium is made of what tissue
simple squamous epithelium
What lines the heart chambers and is connected throughout the circulatory system?
endocardium
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle
Which chambers have deoxygenated blood?
right atrium and right ventricle
What are the 3 important structures in the ventricles
trabeculae carnae, chordae tendinae, and papillary muscles
What structure increases surface area for contraction and electrical conduction system in the atria
pectinate muscles
What structure increases surface area for contraction and electrical conduction system in the ventricles
trabeculae carnae
What structure pulls down on valve cusps with contraction of papillary muscles
chordae tendinae
what structure holds valves closed to prevent backflow of blood
papillary muscles
Where does the right atrium get blood from
-superior and inferior vena cavas (systemic circulation) -coronary sinus
Where does the left atrium get blood from?
-right and left pulmonary veins (pulmonary circulation)
Where does the right ventricle get blood from?
-the right atrium
Where does the left ventricle get blood from?
the left atrium
Where does the right atrium send blood through and to what?
Through the tricuspid (right AV) valve into the right ventricle
Where does the left atrium send blood through and to what?
Through the mitral/ bicuspid (left AV) valve to the left ventricle
Where does the right ventricle send blood through and to where?
Through pumlonary (semilunar valves) to the pulmonary trunk to the right and left pulmonary arteries into pulmonary circulation
Where does the left ventricle send blood through and to where?
Through the semilunar aortic valve to the aorta to systemic circulation
What are the layers of the general blood vessel structure from superficial to deep?
turnica externa, turnica media, endothelium (turnica interna)
What is the turnica externa made of?
loose CT (areolar adipose)
What is the function of the turnica externa?
elastic support and protection
What is the function of the turnica media?
Constriction and dialation of the vessel
What is the turnica media made of
smooth muscle
What is the endothelium in blood vessels made of?
simple squamous epithelium
What is are the functions of BV endothelium?
reducing friction, diffusion at the capillaries, and vascular functions
Arteries bring blood ______ heart
away from
Arteries are a _____ reservior
pressure
Arteries differ from veins how?
thicker turnica externa and media
Arterioles are _____ than arteries
smaller
Aterioles have abundant _______
smooth muscle
What are the functions of arterioles
resistance vessles, regulate blood flow and BP
What are the functions of arteries
elasticity allows for storage of pressure to propel blood flow
What are the smallest blood vessels
capillaries
Capillaries have the greatest ______
cross sectional area
Capillaries serve as a site of exchange for _____, _____, ____ and ______
nutrients, waste, O2, CO2
Capillaries are apart of _____ and ____ circulation?
systemic and pulmonary
Venulues have ______ than veins
thinner walls
Venules drain _____ into ______
capillary blood into veins
Note
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