IPH 231 Cardiovascular System

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What are the major components of the CV system?

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1

What are the major components of the CV system?

-heart, blood vessels, blood

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2

What are the epithelial tissues found in the CV

simple squamous

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3

What are the connective tissues found in the CV

blood, elastic, and dense irregular

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4

What nervous system innervates the CV

autonomic

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5

What specific muscle tissues are in the CV?

cardiac and smooth

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6

The CV delivers ____ and ______ to tissues

oxygen; nutrients

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7

The CV removes _____ and _____ from tissues

carbon dioxide; waste

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8

the CV assists respiratory and urinary systems with _________ regulation

acid base

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9

The CV has ____ functions ______ repair, and maintains _______

immunity; injury; homeostasis

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10

What are the 3 layers of blood?

plasma, buffy coat, and red blood cells

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11

What is in the plasma

water, protiens, and solutes

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12

what is in the buffy coat

White blood cells, and platelets

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13

What are white blood cells also called

leukocytes

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14

What are platelets also called

thrombocytes

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15

What are red blood cells also called

erythrocytes

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16

What are the 3 formed elements

leukocytes, ethrocytes, and thrombocytes

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17

What are the 3 functions of blood

transporation, protection, and regulation

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18

what is hemopoiesis

the formation of formed elements

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19

multipotent stem cells can split into ______ and ____ stem cells

myeloid and lymphoid

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20

What turns myeloid stem cells into RBCs

erythropoetin

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21

Thrombopoetin turns myeloid stem cells into

thrombocytes (platelets)

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22

cytokines turn myeloid stem cells into what 4 cells

eosinophiles, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes

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23

WBCs that are antiparasytic and are phagocytes

eosinophils

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24

Basophiles release _____ and ____ for inflammation

histamine and heparin

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25

WBCs that are anti bacterial, antifungal and phagocytes

neutrophils

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26

monocytes are

macrophages: large phagocytes stuck in an organ or tissue

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27

cytokines turn lymphoid stem cells into _____ and ____

b-lymphocytes; t-lymphocytes

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28

which lymphocyte is responsible for antibody production

b-lymphocytes

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29

Which lymphocytes is responsible for attacking infected body cells or tumors

t-lymphocytes

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30

How is the biconcave structure good for RBCs

it allows for flexibility and increases surface area

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31

RBCs can't ____ or _____

self reproduce or perform metabolism

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32

RBCs have no

nuclues or organelles

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33

What are the 3 componenets of RBCs

hemoglobin, 4 heme rings with iron, and carbonic anhydrase

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34

What component of RBCs binds oxygen

4-heme rings with iron

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35

What component of RBCs binds CO2

hemoglobin

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36

What are the receptors for low blood oxygen

kidneys

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37

What do the kidneys release to increase blood oxygen

EPO

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38

What is the control center for RBCs

red marrow of long bones

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39

What are the 3 mechanisms to stop blood loss

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting

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40

vascular spasm causes _______ of arteries and arterioles

vasoconstriction

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41

What is the first step to platelet plug formation

platelets adhere to injury site

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42

What is the 2nd step to platelet plug formation?

platelet release reaction

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43

What happens in the platelet release reaction?

platelets are activated and release chemicals

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44

What is the 3rd step of platelet plug formation?

platelet aggrigation

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45

What is it called when platelets stick together and form a platelet plug?

platelet aggrigation

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46

In coagulation blood becomes gel like and _______ are formed

fibrin threads

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47

When tissues are damaged, blood clotting goes through the ______ pathway

extrinsic

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48

What activates prothrombonase in the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting

tissue factor

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49

When platelets are damaged blood clotting goes through the ____ pathway

intrinsic

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50

What activates prothrombonase in the intrinsic blood clotting pathway?

factor XII

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51

In the blood clotting pathway prothrombonase turns _____ into _____

prothrombin; thrombin

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52

In the blood clotting pathway thrombin turns ______ into _____

fibrinogen; fibrin

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53

What traps formed elements and forms blood clots?

fibrin

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54

the pericardium does what?

protects against abrasion

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55

What are the layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep?

fibrous pericardium, parietal layer, serous pericardium, visceral layer, myocardium, endocardium

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56

what type of tissue is the fibrous pericardium made of?

dense irregular CT

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57

The fibrous pericardium prevents _______ and is for _______

overstretching, protection

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58

What adheres to the fibrous pericardium?

the parietal layer

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59

serous fluid is between the ____ and ___ layers

parietal; visceral

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60

serous fluid reduces _____

friction

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61

There serous pericardium consists of

parietal layer, serous fluid, and visceral layer

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62

What 2 tissues is the serous pericardium make of

simple squamous epithelium, and loose connective tissue

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63

What contracts the heart and moves blood

myocardium

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64

the endocardium is made of what tissue

simple squamous epithelium

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65

What lines the heart chambers and is connected throughout the circulatory system?

endocardium

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66

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle

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67

Which chambers have deoxygenated blood?

right atrium and right ventricle

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68

What are the 3 important structures in the ventricles

trabeculae carnae, chordae tendinae, and papillary muscles

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69

What structure increases surface area for contraction and electrical conduction system in the atria

pectinate muscles

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70

What structure increases surface area for contraction and electrical conduction system in the ventricles

trabeculae carnae

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71

What structure pulls down on valve cusps with contraction of papillary muscles

chordae tendinae

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72

what structure holds valves closed to prevent backflow of blood

papillary muscles

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73

Where does the right atrium get blood from

-superior and inferior vena cavas (systemic circulation) -coronary sinus

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74

Where does the left atrium get blood from?

-right and left pulmonary veins (pulmonary circulation)

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75

Where does the right ventricle get blood from?

-the right atrium

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76

Where does the left ventricle get blood from?

the left atrium

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77

Where does the right atrium send blood through and to what?

Through the tricuspid (right AV) valve into the right ventricle

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78

Where does the left atrium send blood through and to what?

Through the mitral/ bicuspid (left AV) valve to the left ventricle

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79

Where does the right ventricle send blood through and to where?

Through pumlonary (semilunar valves) to the pulmonary trunk to the right and left pulmonary arteries into pulmonary circulation

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80

Where does the left ventricle send blood through and to where?

Through the semilunar aortic valve to the aorta to systemic circulation

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81

What are the layers of the general blood vessel structure from superficial to deep?

turnica externa, turnica media, endothelium (turnica interna)

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82

What is the turnica externa made of?

loose CT (areolar adipose)

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83

What is the function of the turnica externa?

elastic support and protection

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84

What is the function of the turnica media?

Constriction and dialation of the vessel

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85

What is the turnica media made of

smooth muscle

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86

What is the endothelium in blood vessels made of?

simple squamous epithelium

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87

What is are the functions of BV endothelium?

reducing friction, diffusion at the capillaries, and vascular functions

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88

Arteries bring blood ______ heart

away from

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89

Arteries are a _____ reservior

pressure

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90

Arteries differ from veins how?

thicker turnica externa and media

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91

Arterioles are _____ than arteries

smaller

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92

Aterioles have abundant _______

smooth muscle

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93

What are the functions of arterioles

resistance vessles, regulate blood flow and BP

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94

What are the functions of arteries

elasticity allows for storage of pressure to propel blood flow

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95

What are the smallest blood vessels

capillaries

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96

Capillaries have the greatest ______

cross sectional area

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97

Capillaries serve as a site of exchange for _____, _____, ____ and ______

nutrients, waste, O2, CO2

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98

Capillaries are apart of _____ and ____ circulation?

systemic and pulmonary

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99

Venulues have ______ than veins

thinner walls

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100

Venules drain _____ into ______

capillary blood into veins

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