IPH 231 Cardiovascular System

What are the major components of the CV system?

-heart, blood vessels, blood

What are the epithelial tissues found in the CV

simple squamous

What are the connective tissues found in the CV

blood, elastic, and dense irregular

What nervous system innervates the CV

autonomic

What specific muscle tissues are in the CV?

cardiac and smooth

The CV delivers ____ and ______ to tissues

oxygen; nutrients

The CV removes _____ and _____ from tissues

carbon dioxide; waste

the CV assists respiratory and urinary systems with _________ regulation

acid base

The CV has ____ functions ______ repair, and maintains _______

immunity; injury; homeostasis

What are the 3 layers of blood?

plasma, buffy coat, and red blood cells

What is in the plasma

water, protiens, and solutes

what is in the buffy coat

White blood cells, and platelets

What are white blood cells also called

leukocytes

What are platelets also called

thrombocytes

What are red blood cells also called

erythrocytes

What are the 3 formed elements

leukocytes, ethrocytes, and thrombocytes

What are the 3 functions of blood

transporation, protection, and regulation

what is hemopoiesis

the formation of formed elements

multipotent stem cells can split into ______ and ____ stem cells

myeloid and lymphoid

What turns myeloid stem cells into RBCs

erythropoetin

Thrombopoetin turns myeloid stem cells into

thrombocytes (platelets)

cytokines turn myeloid stem cells into what 4 cells

eosinophiles, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes

WBCs that are antiparasytic and are phagocytes

eosinophils

Basophiles release _____ and ____ for inflammation

histamine and heparin

WBCs that are anti bacterial, antifungal and phagocytes

neutrophils

monocytes are

macrophages: large phagocytes stuck in an organ or tissue

cytokines turn lymphoid stem cells into _____ and ____

b-lymphocytes; t-lymphocytes

which lymphocyte is responsible for antibody production

b-lymphocytes

Which lymphocytes is responsible for attacking infected body cells or tumors

t-lymphocytes

How is the biconcave structure good for RBCs

it allows for flexibility and increases surface area

RBCs can't ____ or _____

self reproduce or perform metabolism

RBCs have no

nuclues or organelles

What are the 3 componenets of RBCs

hemoglobin, 4 heme rings with iron, and carbonic anhydrase

What component of RBCs binds oxygen

4-heme rings with iron

What component of RBCs binds CO2

hemoglobin

What are the receptors for low blood oxygen

kidneys

What do the kidneys release to increase blood oxygen

EPO

What is the control center for RBCs

red marrow of long bones

What are the 3 mechanisms to stop blood loss

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting

vascular spasm causes _______ of arteries and arterioles

vasoconstriction

What is the first step to platelet plug formation

platelets adhere to injury site

What is the 2nd step to platelet plug formation?

platelet release reaction

What happens in the platelet release reaction?

platelets are activated and release chemicals

What is the 3rd step of platelet plug formation?

platelet aggrigation

What is it called when platelets stick together and form a platelet plug?

platelet aggrigation

In coagulation blood becomes gel like and _______ are formed

fibrin threads

When tissues are damaged, blood clotting goes through the ______ pathway

extrinsic

What activates prothrombonase in the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting

tissue factor

When platelets are damaged blood clotting goes through the ____ pathway

intrinsic

What activates prothrombonase in the intrinsic blood clotting pathway?

factor XII

In the blood clotting pathway prothrombonase turns _____ into _____

prothrombin; thrombin

In the blood clotting pathway thrombin turns ______ into _____

fibrinogen; fibrin

What traps formed elements and forms blood clots?

fibrin

the pericardium does what?

protects against abrasion

What are the layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep?

fibrous pericardium, parietal layer, serous pericardium, visceral layer, myocardium, endocardium

what type of tissue is the fibrous pericardium made of?

dense irregular CT

The fibrous pericardium prevents _______ and is for _______

overstretching, protection

What adheres to the fibrous pericardium?

the parietal layer

serous fluid is between the ____ and ___ layers

parietal; visceral

serous fluid reduces _____

friction

There serous pericardium consists of

parietal layer, serous fluid, and visceral layer

What 2 tissues is the serous pericardium make of

simple squamous epithelium, and loose connective tissue

What contracts the heart and moves blood

myocardium

the endocardium is made of what tissue

simple squamous epithelium

What lines the heart chambers and is connected throughout the circulatory system?

endocardium

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle

Which chambers have deoxygenated blood?

right atrium and right ventricle

What are the 3 important structures in the ventricles

trabeculae carnae, chordae tendinae, and papillary muscles

What structure increases surface area for contraction and electrical conduction system in the atria

pectinate muscles

What structure increases surface area for contraction and electrical conduction system in the ventricles

trabeculae carnae

What structure pulls down on valve cusps with contraction of papillary muscles

chordae tendinae

what structure holds valves closed to prevent backflow of blood

papillary muscles

Where does the right atrium get blood from

-superior and inferior vena cavas (systemic circulation)
-coronary sinus

Where does the left atrium get blood from?

-right and left pulmonary veins
(pulmonary circulation)

Where does the right ventricle get blood from?

-the right atrium

Where does the left ventricle get blood from?

the left atrium

Where does the right atrium send blood through and to what?

Through the tricuspid (right AV) valve into the right ventricle

Where does the left atrium send blood through and to what?

Through the mitral/ bicuspid (left AV) valve to the left ventricle

Where does the right ventricle send blood through and to where?

Through pumlonary (semilunar valves) to the pulmonary trunk to the right and left pulmonary arteries into pulmonary circulation

Where does the left ventricle send blood through and to where?

Through the semilunar aortic valve to the aorta to systemic circulation

What are the layers of the general blood vessel structure from superficial to deep?

turnica externa, turnica media, endothelium (turnica interna)

What is the turnica externa made of?

loose CT (areolar adipose)

What is the function of the turnica externa?

elastic support and protection

What is the function of the turnica media?

Constriction and dialation of the vessel

What is the turnica media made of

smooth muscle

What is the endothelium in blood vessels made of?

simple squamous epithelium

What is are the functions of BV endothelium?

reducing friction, diffusion at the capillaries, and vascular functions

Arteries bring blood ______ heart

away from

Arteries are a _____ reservior

pressure

Arteries differ from veins how?

thicker turnica externa and media

Arterioles are _____ than arteries

smaller

Aterioles have abundant _______

smooth muscle

What are the functions of arterioles

resistance vessles, regulate blood flow and BP

What are the functions of arteries

elasticity allows for storage of pressure to propel blood flow

What are the smallest blood vessels

capillaries

Capillaries have the greatest ______

cross sectional area

Capillaries serve as a site of exchange for _____, _____, ____ and ______

nutrients, waste, O2, CO2

Capillaries are apart of _____ and ____ circulation?

systemic and pulmonary

Venulues have ______ than veins

thinner walls

Venules drain _____ into ______

capillary blood into veins