Fiszki: descriptive grammar | Quizlet

/i/

high front unrounded tense (sheep)

/ɪ/

high front unrounded lax (ship)

/eɪ/ , /e/

mid front unrounded tense (train, bed)

/oʊ/

mid back rounded tense (coat in AmE)

/ɔ/

mid back rounded lax (door)

/u/

high back rounded tense (moon)

/ʊ/

high back rounded lax (good, put)

/a/

low back unrounded lax (car)

/æ/

low front unrounded lax (apple, cat)

/ʌ/

mid central unrounded lax (money, cut)

/ə/

mid central unrounded lax (unstressed syllables) (about, the)

height

describes if your tongue is raised or not (heat, hot)

front / back

describes if your tongue is pushed toward the front or back of your mouth (heat, who)

rounded / unrounded

describes if your lips are rounded or not (who, pay)

tense / lax

muscle tension in articulators (beat, bit)

pure vowels

vowels with no glide movement

glided vowels

consinst of two sounds; the speech organs glide from the first sound to the next

diphthong

a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sounds begins as one vowel and moves towards another

semi-vowels / glides

similar to diphthongs but there is less movement

nasalization

when a nasal consonant occurs before or after a vowel, the vowel becomes nasalized

aspiration

a period of voicelessness after the stop articulation and before the start of the voicing for the vowel

nasal plosion

occurs when there's a sudden release of air through the nose during speech (hidden)

homorganic

sounds have the same place of articulation

lateral plosion

when an alveolar stop (/t,d/) occurs before homorganic lateral /l/, the air pressure built up during the stop can be released by lowering the sides of tongue

velarization

a secondary articulation formed by the arching upward of the back of the tongue

closed syllables

they have a consonant at the end

open syllables

those without a consonant at the end (with a vowel)

phonetics

the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, including their place of articulation, acoustic properties, voicing and auditory perception

articulatory

focuses on the speaker; where and how sounds are originated as well as where exactly they are located

acoustic

focuses on the channel; length, frequency and pitch of sounds

auditory

focuses on the hearer (receiver); studies what happens inside the ear and brain when sounds are received, and the ability to differentiate sounds

phone

an actual sound defined by its properties, such as manner and place of articulation

perception

ability to hear sounds; it's not passive reception but rather active construction

the cocktail party effect

the ability of having selective attention, focusing on one stimulus

the mcgurk effect

a perceptual phenomenon where what you see can influence what you hear; accurate perception of information involves more than just one sensory system

phonology

the study of abstract sound patterns in a language. It focuses on the way sounds function in a specific language and how they are used to convey meaning.

phoneme

the smallest unit that can function meaning-contrastively in a language

abstract unit

an idealized model or representation in the minds of speaker

allophone

a variation of a phoneme that doesn't change the word's meaning.

phonemic

focuses on how specific sounds in a language convey meaning and how they function

phonetic

studies the physical properties of speech sound, like how we produce, transmit and perceive them

voicing

whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating

place of articulation

where contact with the articulator occurs

bilabial

made with the two lips (move)

labiodental

lower lip and upper front teeth (van)

dental

tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth (these)

alveolar

tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge

palatal

blade or body of tongue on/near hard palate (yellow)

velar

body (back) of the tongue and soft palate (kite)

glottal

air passes through vocal cords (here)

retroflex

tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge

palato-alveolar

tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge

manner of articulation

describes the flow of air through the vocal tract

stop

complete closure of the articulators involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth

fricative

continuous friction, air is forced through a narrow passageway

affricates

begin like a stop, released like a fricative

nasals

air is released through the nose

liquids

air moves around the sides of tongue

glides

combines elements of vowel and consonant

approximant

a gesture in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced

lateral (approximant)

obstruction of the airstream at a point along the center of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth

homonymy

two words have the same form but different meaning

homographs

words which have the same spelling and different meaning; the pronunciation does not have to be the same

homophones

words which have the same pronunciation but do not need to have the same spelling; their meaning is different