Human Reproduction

Fertilization

• Union of a sperm and egg

• Must occur in the first ⅓ of the fallopian tube to get pregnant

• Fertilized egg implants and grows in the uterus

Menstrual Calendar

• Menstrual cycle/calendar is about 28 days

• Day 14 is ovulation

  • 3 day window from 14-16

• Day 1 of the cycle is day 1 of the menstrual period

Prenatal Development

• Baby develops in 3 stages

  • Zygote: fertilization

  • Embryo: week 1 to 8

  • Fetus: month 3 - birth

• Acronym “Zoe Eats Food”

Labor and Delivery

• 1st Stage

  • Uterine contractions

  • Cervix dilates

• 2nd Stage

  • Birth of the baby

• 3rd Stage

  • After-birth

  • Eject placenta and umbilical cord

How to Soothe a Crying Baby

5 S’s

1. Swaddle

2. Side

   1. hold the baby on their side

3. Sway/shake

4. Shush

   1. imitates the white noise heard in the womb

5. Suck

   1. offer a pacifier

Parenting Styles

Authoritarian

• Limits (rules) without freedom

• Misconduct is punished

• Affection and praise rarely given

• Outcomes of the child:

  • Obedient

  • Distrustful (will lie)

  • Discontent

  • Withdrawn

  • Unhappy

  • Hostile

  • Not high achievers

  • Often rebel

Permissive

• Freedom without limits

• Parents allow their children to do their own thing

• Parents are resources rather than standard makers

• Outcomes of the child:

  • Aggressie

  • Least self-reliant

  • Least self-controlled

  • Least exploratory

  • Most unhappy

Democratic

• The ideal style

• Freedom within limits

• Parents set limits and enforce rules

• Willing to listen receptively to child’s requests and questions

• Outcomes of the child:

  • Happy

  • Mostly self-reliant

  • Mostly self-controlled

  • Content, friendly, generous

  • Cooperative

  • High-achiever

  • Less likely to be serious disruptive or delinquent

#1 goal as a parent?

• Foster child’s self-esteem

How to foster self-esteem

• Provide more successes than failures for the child

• Give the freedom to fail with acceptance

• Give lots of encouragement

• Give unconditional love

• Allow independence

• Eliminate the negative (tell children what they can do, not what they can’t do)

• Do not set standards unreasonably high

• Avoid ridicule

• Allow exploration and encourage questions

• Set limits

• Help your child develop their talents

• Take their ideas, emotions, and feelings seriously

• Be a good role model

• Give your children responsibility

• Be available

Sibling Rivalry

• Competition among children of the same family for their parents’ affections and attention or for dominance. It is extremely common and sometimes persists into adult life.

Birth order

• The order in which children are born into a family that has an influence on the development of the children

The oldest child is:

• Usually set up as an example to the other children

• Treated more like an adult by their parents

• A high achiever

• Given and accepts more responsibility than the other children

• Usually college bound

• Independent

• Affectionate

The middle child:

• May work extra hard to get recognition

• Is usually a peacemaker

• Is somewhat average in schoolwork, but is an all-around good student

• Is usually a calm, even-tempered adult

The youngest child:

• Gets a lot of attention along with a lot of bossing

• May be spoiled

• Usually matures quickly

• May be undisciplined and irresponsible

• Is easy-going about school

• Likes to associate with someone who takes charge of situations

Family Forms

• A family does not have to be the traditional stereotype of a working dad, stay at home mom, and 2-3 kids

DINKs

• a family form that stands for “Double Income No Kids”

• Both partners work

• Main benefits: money and freedom

Death and Grieving

3 stages of death

1. Clinical death

   1. The heart and lungs cease to function

2. Brain death

   1. Lack of oxygen to brain cells

3. Cellular death

   1. The oxygen in the tissues and organs is depleted and all functions slowly cease

5 stages of grief

1. Denial

   1. We refuse to believe what has happened

2. Anger

   1. anger at the loved one, the thing responsible for their death, the world, etc.

3. Bargaining

   1. negotiating with yourself or a higher power to save your loved one

4. Depression

   1. longest stage

   2. feelings of hopelessness and outbursts of tears

   3. best to seek therapy

5. Acceptance

   1. You can accept your loss and regain your energy and goals for the future

Options to do with your body when you die

• Bury in a cemetery

• Cremation

• Entomb in a mausoleum

• Donate to science

Will and testament

• A legal document that communicates a person’s final wishes pertaining to their assets