Classical Music

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80 Terms

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Rallentando
________ is sometimes used, to slow the music down.
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Allegro
Rondo
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Classical period
1750-1810
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Classical music
- Art music
- Instrumental music
- Emphasis on beauty and elegance/grace of melody, and balance and control.
- More variety and contrast within a piece than Baroque (dynamics, instruments, pitch, tempo, key, mood and timbre).
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Classical music: Key features (15)
- Simple, 'singable' melodies.
- Comprises short, clear-cut, regular/periodic phrase-lengths (4-8 bar phrases; 2-4 bar phrases).
- Clear, homophonic texture (less complicated texture, more lighter and more clearer than Baroque).
- Dynamics (volume) uses crescendo and diminuendo.
- Only timpani used in percussion section
- Simple harmony.
- Strings dominate orchestral sound
- Small woodwind section.
- Reasonably small orchestra.
- Use of scalic passages.
- Dominant right hand melody.
- Limited range of piano, with Alberti bass accompaniment.
- Consonant harmony.
- Tonic-dominant harmony.
- Clearly marked cadences.
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Classical music: Forms and designs (5)
- Symphony
- String quartet
- Minuet (+trio)
- SONATA (most important design)
- Concerto
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Classical period: Important composers
- MOZART (Clarinet, Symphony, Opera, Piano)
- HAYDN (Symphony)
- Stamitz (Symphony)
- Gluck (Opera)
- C.P.E. Bach (Style Galant, Piano)
- J.C. Bach (Style Galant, Piano)
- Beethoven (Piano Sonatas, Symphony, Opera) who used more discords, more dynamic contrast and more contrast in pitch.
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Bar phrases
A section in which music seems to fall naturally that can often be played in one breath.
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Homophonic
A single melody being played with accompaniment.
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Alberti Bass
Bass line on piano that consists of simple broken chords, repeated in the left hand, which keeps the music going, and outlines the harmony.
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Cadence
A modulation or inflection of the voice; A sequence of notes or chords comprising the close of a musical phrase.
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Crescendo
Getting louder
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Diminuendo
Getting quieter
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Types of composition for instrumental music
Chamber music (e.g. String quartet)
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Types of composition for Church music
- Mass
- Requiem
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Types of composition for Dance music
- Suite
- Minuet
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Types of composition for Orchestral music
- Symphony
- Concerto
- Overture
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Types of composition for vocal music
- Opera
- Oratorio
- Chorale
- Aria
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Theme/subject
An important melody which occurs more than once in a piece of music. A theme may be just a melodic figure.
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Concord
A harmonious chord
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Arpreggio
The notes of a chord played one after another instead of at the same time.
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Style Galant
Early classical style, a very courtly style meant to please the listener, as opposed to making the listener think.
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Chamber music
For playing in a room or chamber, i.e. written for a small number of instruments.
- string quartet (2 violins, viola, cello)
- piano trio (violin, cello, piano)
- string sextet
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Orchestra
- Orchestra expands in size, dynamics and textual range.
- Harpsichord continuo gradually fell out of use.
- Woodwind becomes a self-contained section (more important), especially the horns to bind the texture.
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When were clarinets introduced?
Towards the end of the 18th century
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A typical Orchestra
- 1-2 flutes
- 2 oboes
- 2 clarinets
- 2 bassoons
- 2 horns
- 2 trumpets
- 2 kettle drums
- Strings
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Orchestral form of Classical music (Symphony)
A large orchestral work, usually in three or four contrasting movements/sections (a sonata for orchestra). Fourth movement is commonly a Minuet and Trio.
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Movements of the Symphony
- First movement: fairly fast; sonata form
- Second movement: slower speed; more song-like; ternary form or sonata form, with variations
- Third movement: Minuet and Trio, or Scherzo
- Fourth movement: Fast speed; light-hearted; rondo form or sonata form, with variations
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Orchestral form of Classical music (Minuet)
- Dance in 3/4 (in 3 time)
- Often part of a Minuet and Trio
- Slow and stately waltz
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Orchestral form of Classical music (Sonata form)
Consisting of two themes or groups of themes, linked by a bridge passage. It is a way of building up an individual movement, not a piece. It is the form most often used for the 1st movement of large works like symphonies and concertos.
Three sections (large 3-part form): introduction, exposition (A), development (B), recapitulation (A), with a coda to end
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The Exposition (Sonata form)
- Composer exposes his musical ideas.
- First subject (main idea) is in the tonic, which modulates near the end to a bridge passage, which leads to the second subject which is in a new, but related key, often the dominant or relative major (if first subject is in a minor key).
- Second subject is usually more tuneful.
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Modulates
Changes
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Bridge
Transition
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Development (Sonata form)
- Ideas are developed.
- Creates a feeling of tension and conflict.
- Climax may be in this section.
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Recapitulation (Sonata form)
- Music is repeated from the beginning, but the second subject is now in the tonic.
- Finally, the music may have a coda, which rounds off the music.
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Tonic
Chord/ Note 1
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Supertonic
Chord/ Note 2
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Mediant
Chord/ Note 3
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Subdominant
Chord/ Note 4
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Dominant
Chord/ Note 5
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Submediant
Chord/ Note 6
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Leading note
Chord/ Note 7
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Piano
- Invented in 1698.
- Allows soft and loud notes to be played.
- More expressions can be played (legato, staccato, cantabile).
- Plucked by small hammers.
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Sonata
A work, in several movements, for one or two instruments.
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Trio
3 instruments
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Quartet
4 instruments
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Quintet
5 instruments
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Sextet
6 instruments
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Requiem
Roman Catholic mass for the dead with solo voices, chorus and orchestra.
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Opera
Dramatic piece for orchestra, chorus and vocal soloists combining acting with music. An opera begins with an overture for orchestra (prepares the audience for what is to come), followed by choruses and arias. They also include recitatives. The orchestra mirrors the mood and drama of the action.
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Opera buffa
Comic opera
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Coda
Concluding passage of a piece or movement, typically forming an addition to the basic structure.
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Concerto
- Solo instrument in competition with the orchestra, developed from a Baroque solo concerto.
- There is a dialogue between melodic lines and themes between the soloist and orchestra, with each taking turns to accompany the other.
- 3 movements: fast, slow, fast like the
early symphony (no minuet or trio).
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Define Classicism
pertains the highest level of excellence, possessing enduring value or timeless quality, refers to the cultures of Ancient Rome and Greece as well as the art, architecture, and music of the late 18th century, emphasis on symmetry, balance, and proportion
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Define Viennese School
refers to the musical style forged by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven and their contemporaries, in late 18th century Vienna, Austria flourished as a musical century
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Define absolute music
music without extra musical associations, also known as "pure music", generic title reflecting tempos, genres, or forms (ex Sonata, Allegretto, Menuet, Rondo)
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Define sonata cycle
emerged in the Classical era, multi-movement structure, demonstrated in the symphony, sonata, or concerto
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Define sonata form
formal structure often used in first movement of sonata cycle
consists of Exposition (statement of two or more contrasting themes), Development (departure), and Recapitulation (return), also known as sonata-allegro form
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Define exposition
the first main section in sonata form, two contrasting themes are stated, the first theme is in the tonic key, the second theme (or themes) are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant of relative major
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Define development
the second main section in sonata form, themes from the exposition are manipulated through, fragmentation, sequential treatment or changes to orchestration, modulations and increased harmonic tension, new themes may also be introduced
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Define recapitulation
the third main section in sonata form - first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
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Define coda
Latin for "tail" (cauda), a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key
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When was the Classical Period?
ca 1750 - ca 1825
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Sonata form
Movement 1
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Exposition
Movement 1 Sets forth two opposing keys and their respective themes
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Dominate
Movement 1 Key center, that leads back to the tonic
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Recapitulation
Movement 1 Section of restatement
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Coda
The tail or tag, rounds off the movement with a vigorous cadence
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ABA theme and variation
Moevement 2 Form
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Slow, Adante
Movement 2 tempo
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Expanding melodies
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Major to minor harmonies
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Rhythm
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Timbres/ instruments changes
Movement 2 theme is carried by changes in ....
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Minute and Trio Hayden And Mozart
Movement 3 First Form --- and trio by ----
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Scartcio and trio Beethoven
Movement 3 Second Form
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Rondo
Movement 4 Form
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Presto
Movement 4 Tempo
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A B A C A D A E A F A
Movement 4 A sample letter organization of a rondo is
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Reoccurring
Or can be described as a---- theme