Metabolic Process: Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration

allows organisms to use the energy stored in glucose in the form of ATP molecules.

Oxidation

is the loss of an electron or hydrogen atom which release energy in chemical reactions.

Reduction

is the gain of an electron or hydrogen atom which store energy in chemical bonds. In cellular respiration, carbons in glucose are oxidized and oxygen is reduced to form water. Note that the carbon atoms of the sugar molecule are released as carbon dioxide (CO2 ).

We Get Energy From ATP by…

breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

total equation of Cellular resperation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36ATP

In the presence of oxygen

glucose + oxygen —> energy + carbon dioxide + water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O

same as total eq of cellular resperation

GLYCOLYSIS

Glycolysis is the first chemical pathway involved in the splitting of glucose to create 36 ATP

Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

Ends with 2 net ATP molecules + 2 pyruvates (a 3 C molecule) + 2NADH

GLYCOLYSIS NET

Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+
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V
2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2(NADH + H+ )

Parts or Sections of Glycolysis

1. Phosphorylation
   2. Cleavge
   3. Redox
   4. ATP Generation

Glucose turns into Glucose 6 phosphate

Hexokinase

Glucose 6 phosphate —> Fructose 6 phosphate

Phosphoglucose Isomerase

Fructose 6 phosphate —> Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

Phosphofructokinase

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate —> Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Aldolase

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate —> Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-Dehydrognase

Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate —> 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate —> 3 phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate Mutase

3 phosphoglycerate — > 2 phosphoglycerate

Enolase

2 phosphoglycerate —> phosphenolpyruvate

Pyruvate kinase

phosphenolpyruvate —> Pyruvate

Triose Phosphate Isomerase

Where is ATP lost in GLYCOLYSIS

After Glucose —> glucose 6 phosphate

and after Fructose 5-phosphate —> fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

where is NADH gained in Glycolysis

After Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate turns into 1,3 busphosphogylcerate

Where is ATP gained in Glycolysis

after 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate turns into 3 phosphoglycerate

and when phosphenolpyruvate turns into pyruvate

Where is water removed in Glycolysis

2-Phosphoglycerate — > phosphenolpyruvate

PYRUVATE OXIDATION

the process that connects glycolysis to the Krebs (citric acid) cycle. The seocnd step in cellular resperation

pyruvate oxidation happens where?

Mitochondrial matrix (in eukaryotes)

Pyruvate enters the…

mitochondrion membrane

Decarboxylation in pyruvate oxidation

When 1 Co2 leaves pyruvate

Oxidation of Pyruvate

• The remaining 2-carbon fragment is oxidized.

• NAD⁺ is reduced to NADH + H⁺.

Formation of Acetyl-CoA

• The 2-carbon molecule binds to Coenzyme A (CoA).

• This forms acetyl-CoA, which will enter the Krebs cycle.

Net results of pyruvate oxidation

• 1 acetyl-CoA

• 1 NADH

• 1 CO₂