121_Female Reproductive System

Main parts of the Female Reproductive System [6]

- Ovaries

- Uterine tubes

- Uterus

- Vagina

- External organs

- Mammary glands

[Main Part of the Female Reproductive System]

part of the female reproductive system that produces gametes

Ovaries

[Main Part of the Female Reproductive System]

transports the egg

Uterine Tubes

[Main Part of the Female Reproductive System]

where fetal development occur

Uterus

[Main Part of the Female Reproductive System]

serves as the birth canal

Vagina

[Main Part of the Female Reproductive System]

AKA external genitalia; constitutes the vulva

External Organs

[Main Part of the Female Reproductive System]

produces milk

Mammary Glands

5 Functions of the Female Reproductive System

read

- The ovaries produce secondary oocytes and hormones, including progesterone and estrogens (female sex hormones), inhibin, and relaxin

- The uterine tubes transport a secondary oocyte to the uterus and normally are the sites where fertilization occurs.

- The uterus is the site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor.

- The vagina receives the penis during sexual intercourse and is a passageway for childbirth.

- The mammary glands synthesize, secrete, and eject milk for the nourishment of the newborn.

[Term]

produce secondary oocytes and hormones, including progesterone and estrogens (female sex hormones), inhibin, and relaxin

ovaries

3 multiple choice options

[Term]

transport a secondary oocyte to the uterus and normally are the sites where fertilization occurs.

uterine tubes

3 multiple choice options

[Term]

is the site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor.

uterus

3 multiple choice options

[Main Part of the Female Reproductive System]

- Often referred to as egg receptacles

- They are the female gonads

- They are a pair of glands similar in size to unshelled almonds

- They are homologous to the testes

Ovaries

3 multiple choice options

There are 3 types of ovarian ligaments

- Broad ligament

- Ovarian ligament

- Suspensory ligament

[Type of Ovarian Ligament]

attached to the ovaries by the mesovarium

Broad ligament

3 multiple choice options

[Type of Ovarian Ligament]

anchors the ovaries to the uterus

Ovarian ligament

3 multiple choice options

[Type of Ovarian Ligament]

attaches ovaries to pelvic wall

Suspensory ligament

3 multiple choice options

Oogenesis 🥚✨

read tamad na

- 🧬 Germ cells migrate from the yolk sac (umbilical vesicle) to the ovaries during fetal development.

- 🌱 In ovaries, germ cells differentiate into oogonia.

- 🔬 Oogonia (diploid stem cells) divide mitotically to form millions of germ cells.

- ⏸️ Some oogonia become primary oocytes that enter prophase I of meiosis but pause until puberty.

- 🏵️ Each primary oocyte is encased in flat follicular cells, forming a primordial ovarian follicle.

- 🧵 The ovarian cortex consists of collagen fibers and stromal cells.

- 👶 At birth, each ovary contains 200,000 to 2,000,000 primary oocytes.

- 🌸 By puberty, only about 40,000 oocytes remain.

- 🗓️ Throughout reproductive years, only about 400 oocytes mature.

- 🎯 Monthly, about 20 primary oocytes begin development, but usually only 1 ovulates.

Egg-forming cells (oocytes) divisions 🔄:

- ➡️ Start with 1° oocyte (2n = 46).

- ➗ Division produces two n = 23 cells:

🌟 One large 2° oocyte.

⚪ One small 1st polar body (may divide again).

- 💘 Second division occurs only if the 2° oocyte is fertilized.

- ➡️ Produces:

🥚 One large ovum (n = 23).

⚪ One small 2nd polar body.

- 👶 End result: One large fertilized egg (zygote) and possibly three small polar bodies.

1. Where do germ cells originate before migrating to the ovaries? 🧬

A) Amniotic sac

B) Yolk sac

C) Placenta

D) Uterus

2. What type of cell division do oogonia use to multiply? 🔬

A) Meiosis

B) Binary fission

C) Budding

D) Mitosis

3. During fetal development, in which phase of meiosis are primary oocytes arrested? ⏸️

A) Prophase I

B) Metaphase II

C) Anaphase I

D) Telophase II

4. How many primary oocytes typically remain at puberty? 🌸

A) 4,000

B) 40,000

C) 400

D) 200,000

5. What is the end result of oogenesis?

👶

A) Two ova

B) Multiple zygotes

C) One large fertilized ovum and up to three polar bodies

D) One sperm and one ovum

B) Yolk sac (umbilical vesicle)

D) Mitosis

A) Prophase I

B) 40,000

C) One large fertilized ovum and up to three polar bodies

Why is the result of oogenesis asymmetrical?

Only 1 cell is destined to become the ovum out of 4 potential daughter cells. It will get all the nutrients. Other tiny cells (polar bodies) don’t need much nutrients; they don’t last long and usually die pretty quickly. Only the ovum survives.

I. Secondary oocyte: product of 2nd division

II. Ovum: product of 1st division

A. The first statement is true. The second statement is false.

B. The first statement is false. The second statement is true.

C. Both statements are true.

D. Both statements are false.

D. Both statements are false.

Each ovary consists of the following parts: [7]

- Germinal Epithelium

- Tunica Albuginea

- Ovarian Cortex

- Ovarian Medulla

- Ovarian Follicles

- Tertiary Ovarian Follicle

- Corpus Luteum

[Part of the Ovary]

covers surface of ovary

Germinal Epithelium

[Part of the Ovary]

located immediately deep to the germinal epithelium

Tunica Albuginea

[Part of the Ovary]

immediately lower to tunica albuginea; consists of ovarian follicles and oocytes

Ovarian Cortex

[Part of the Ovary]

contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves

Ovarian Medulla

[Part of the Ovary]

little bags in the cortex that consists of oocytes in various stages of development

Ovarian Follicles

[Part of the Ovary]

large, fluid-filled ovarian follicle that is ready to rupture and expel secondary oocytes during ovulation

Tertiary Ovarian Follicle

[Part of the Ovary]

contains the remnants of tertiary follicle after ovulation

Corpus Luteum

[Term]

Consist of oocytes in various stages of development plus surrounding cells

- Oocytes are immature ova

Ovarian follicles

[Ovarian follicles]

When the surrounding cells form a single layer, they are called _______

When they form several layers, they are referred to as __________

follicular cells, granulosa cells.

The surrounding cells of Ovarian follicles secrete estrogen for the purpose of the ff: [4]

- Growth and repair of the uterine lining

- Regulation of the monthly female cycle

- Female sexual characteristics

- Maintenance of bones and muscles

Follicular development [2]

- Primordial Follicle

- Primary (pre-antral) follicle

[Follicular development]

Single layer of squamous follicular cells around the oocyte

Primordial Follicle

[Follicular development]

- Layer of cuboidal follicular cells

- Layers cuboidal and columnar granulosa cells around the oocyte

Primary (pre-antral) follicle

Follicle development [5]

- Zona pellucida

- Corona radiata

- Secondary follicle

- Mature follicle

- Corpus luteum

[Follicle Development]

- It is a clear glycoprotein layer between the oocyte and granulosa cells

- It is formed as the primary ovarian follicle grows

Zona pellucida

[Follicle Development]

- It is the innermost layer of granulosa cells that are firmly attached to the zona pellucida

Corona radiata

[Follicle Development]

Secondary follicle [2]

- Theca folliculi

- Antrum

[Secondary follicle]

- It encircles the basement membrane

- 2 layers: Theca interna & Theca externa

Theca folliculi

[Secondary follicle]

- A cavity located in the middle of the secondary follicle

- Follicular fluid secreted by the granulosa cells build up in this cavity

Antrum

[Follicle Development]

- Also known as Graafian follicle

- It is large and fluid-filled

- It is ready to rupture and expel secondary oocyte in the process of ovulation

- This occurs on a monthly basis

Mature follicle

The ovarian follicles consist of the oocytes and the surrounding cells: [2]

- Follicular cells are single-layered

- Granulosa cells form several layers

[Follicle Development]

After ovulation, the empty follicles become this

corpus luteum

Corpus luteum secretes the following: [4]

- Progesterone

- Estrogen

- Relaxin

- Inhibin

[Hormone]

hormone that helps in the completion of the preparation of the uterine lining. This preparation process happens monthly

Progesterone

[Hormone]

works with progesterone with the preparation of the uterine lining

Estrogens

[Hormone]

relaxes the uterine muscles and the pubic symphysis

Relaxin

[Hormone]

decreases the secretion of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Inhibin

The white scar tissue that is left after the corpus luteum dies is called ?

Corpus Albicans

[Main Part of the Female Reproductive System]

- Also referred to as fallopian tubes or oviducts

- Females normally have two fallopian tubes that extend laterally from the uterus

- They are characterized as narrow, 4-inch tubes

Uterine tubes

Functions of the Uterine Tubes [3]

- They provide a route for sperm to reach an ovum

- They transport secondary oocytes

- They transport fertilized ova from the ovaries to the uterus

Parts of the Uterine [4]

- Infundibulum

- Fimbriae

- Ampulla

- Isthmus

[Parts of the Uterine]

- The funnel-shaped portion of each tube

- Located near the ovary but is open to pelvic activity

Infundibulum

[Parts of the Uterine]

- Fingerlike projections at the end of the infundibulum

- They are attached to the lateral end of the ovary

Fimbriae

[Parts of the Uterine]

- The longest and widest portion of the uterine tube

- It makes up about 2/3 of the overall length

- Located in the central region

Ampulla

[Parts of the Uterine]

- The medial, short, narrow, and thick-walled portion of the uterine tube

- It joins the uterus and the uterine tube

Isthmus

Occurrences in the uterine tubes [6]

read

- 🌸 Fimbriae sweep the secondary oocyte into the uterine tube

- 🌬️ Cilia and peristalsis guide the secondary oocyte from the peritoneal cavity to the uterine tube

- 💫 Sperm meets the oocyte in the ampulla

- 🤝 Ampulla is the meeting point of the sperm and oocyte

- 🕰️ Fertilization occurs within 24 hours after ovulation

- 🚀 The zygote reaches the uterus roughly 7 days after ovulation

- 💔 Unfertilized secondary oocytes disintegrate

- 🍽️ This happens because all the nutrients will be provided to the zygote/primary oocyte instead

Uterine tubes is composed of 3 layers [3]

- Mucosa

- Muscularis

- Serosa

[Layer of Uterine Tubes]

- Innermost

- Contains ciliated columnar epithelial cells which act like a conveyor belt moving the secondary oocyte along

Mucosa

[Layer of Uterine Tubes]

- Middle layer

- Composed of an inner, thick, circular ring of smooth muscle and an outer thin region of longitudinal smooth muscle

Muscularis

[Layer of Uterine Tubes]

Outer layer

Serosa

[Main Part of the Female Reproductive System]

- Womb

- Site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of fetus and labor

- Source of menstrual flow

- 3 inches long by 2 in. wide and 1 in. thick

Uterus

Weight gain in pregnancy

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During pregnancy, it is normal for women to gain weight, with a total of 13-15 kilos

- Baby: 7.5 pounds (The weight of the baby is not the sole factor in the weight gain)

- Placenta: 1.5 pounds

- Amniotic fluid: 2 pounds

- Uterine enlargement: 2 pounds

- Maternal breast tissue: 2 pounds

- Maternal blood volume: 4 pounds

- Fluids in maternal tissue: 4 pounds

- Maternal fat stores: 7 pounds

Subdivisions of the Uterus [3]

- Fundus

- Body

- Cervix

[Subdivision of the Uterus]

dome-shaped, superior portion

Fundus

[Subdivision of the Uterus]

tapering central portion

Body

[Subdivision of the Uterus - Body]

located between the body and the cervix

Isthmus

[Subdivision of the Uterus - Body]

interior of the body

Uterine cavity

[Subdivision of the Uterus]

inferior narrow portion

Cervix

[Subdivision of the Uterus]

interior of cervix, opens into the uterine cavity at the internal os and into the vagina at external os

Cervical canal

Normal position based on tilting of the uterus: [3]

- Anteverted

- Retroverted

- Vertical

[Normal position based on tilting of the uterus]

tilted forward towards the bladder

Anteverted

[Normal position based on tilting of the uterus]

tilted backwards toward the spine

Retroverted

[Normal position based on tilting of the uterus]

no tilting, upright position

Vertical

Normal position based on location of the fundus: [2]

- Anteflexed

- Retroflexed

[Normal position based on location of the fundus:]

fundus bends forward; looks like a C going forward

Anteflexed

[Normal position based on location of the fundus:]

fundus bends backwards

Retroflexed

Most babies will move into the delivery position a few weeks prior to birth. This is when the head moves closer to the birth canal. However, if this fails to happen, the baby's feet or buttocks will be positioned to be delivered first. This is because there is a failure in the movement to the delivery position. When the baby is upright (feet and buttocks positioned to be delivered first), this position is called ?

breech position.

I. The normal delivery position (head first) is more common, but breech positions still happen.

II. It occurs approximately in 1 out of 25 full term births.

A. The first statement is true. The second statement is false.

B. The first statement is false. The second statement is true.

C. Both statements are true.

D. Both statements are false.

C. Both statements are true.

[Term]

Maintain the normal position of the uterus

Uterine ligaments

Uterine ligaments [4]

- Broad ligaments

- Uterosacral ligaments

- Cardinal (lateral cervical) ligaments

- Round ligaments

[Uterine ligament]

attach the uterus to either side of the pelvic cavity

Broad ligaments

[Uterine ligament]

connect the uterus to the sacrum

Uterosacral ligaments

[Uterine ligament]

extend from the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina

Cardinal (lateral cervical) ligaments

[Uterine ligament]

located between the layers of the broad ligaments (sandwiched)

Round ligaments

[Histology of the Uterus]

Innermost layer of the uterus, consists of simple columnar epithelia

Endometrium

2 layers of Endometrium

- Stratum functionalis

- Stratum basalis

[Layer of Endometrium]

lines the uterine cavity; sloughs off during menstruation

Stratum functionalis

[Layer of Endometrium]

gives rise to a new s. functionalis after each cycle of menstruation

Stratum basalis

[Histology of the Uterus]

- Middle layer of the uterus

- Consists of 3 layers of smooth muscle

- Thickest in fundus; thinnest in cervix

Myometrium

[Histology of the Uterus]

- Outer layer

- Anteriorly, it covers the bladder and forms a shallow pouch (vesicouterine pouch)

- Posteriorly, covers the rectum and forms rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)

Perimetrium

[Histology of the Uterus]

- Downward displacement of uterus

- Varies in severity

- May result from weakening of supporting ligaments and pelvic musculature

Uterine prolapse

[Degree of Uterine Prolapse]

cervix remains within the vagina

First degree (mild)

[Degree of Uterine Prolapse]

cervix protrudes to the exterior through the vagina

Second degree (marked)

[Degree of Uterine Prolapse]

entire uterus is outside the vagina

Third degree (complete)

I. Clinically, depending on the severity, usually it is possible that the patient will not experience any signs or symptoms of uterine prolapse (First degree)

II. However, depending on severity again (Second/third degree), the patient can experience different types of symptoms (e.g. feeling of heaviness, pulling in pelvis area, urinary problems, urine retention/leakage, lower back pain, bowel movement problems, observed protruding of tissue from vagina)

A. The first statement is true. The second statement is false.

B. The first statement is false. The second statement is true.

C. Both statements are true.

D. Both statements are false.

C. Both statements are true.

There are certain factors that can increase the risk of patient for uterine prolapse: [8]

- Giving birth to a large baby

- Having one or more pregnancies or vaginal births

- Frequent heavy lifting

- Age (as a woman gets older, there is higher risk for uterine prolapse)

- Genetic (if there is a genetic predisposition to having a weak connective tissue)

- Pelvic surgeries (if patient had pelvic surgery before)

- Chronic coughing

- Straining during bowel movements (Especially if the force is strong)

1. True or False: In uterine prolapse, the uterus can slip down or protrude out of the vagina.

2. True or False: Only post-menopausal women can experience uterine prolapse

3. True or False: Vaginal births can increase the risk of uterine prolapse.

T

F

T

[Term]

Surgical removal of uterus, usually the purpose is normally to improve sexual well-being (e.g. sexual problems such as pain)

Hysterectomy

Type of Hysterectomy [3]

- Partial

- Complete or Total

- Radical