chappy 5 bio
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45 Terms
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fluid mosaic model
accepted model of cell membrane structure, o membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein moleceules in a bilayer of phospholipid molecules.
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Cell Membrane structure
-phospholipid bilayer, polar & non-polar
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selective permeability
Membrane allows some substances to cross more easily than others
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diffusion
tendency of particles to move from more concentrated regions to less concentrated regions!
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passive transport
The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no energy.
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osmosis
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
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tonicity
ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
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isotonic
cells volume remains constant
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hypotonic
\-solution with a solute concentration lower than that of a cell (too much water)
\-In a plant cell, the plant becomes turgid and its very healthy!
\-cell gains to much water AND BURST
\-In a plant cell, the plant becomes turgid and its very healthy!
\-cell gains to much water AND BURST
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hypertonic
\-solution with a solute concentration higher than that of a cell (losing water)
\-Plant and animal cells both shrivel up and die
\-Plant and animal cells both shrivel up and die
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osmoregulation
control of water balance
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facilitated diffusion
diffusion through selective pores in the membrane, from high \> low concentration
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aquaporin
A transport protein in the plasma membrane of cells, where there is a very rapid diffusion of water in and out certain cells
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active transport
-use of cellular energy to transport molecules through a membrane using some sort of energy!
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exocytosis
The movement of materials out of a cell, used to export bulky molecules!
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endocytosis
Cells take in substances by formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane.
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phagocytosis
Cellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs a particle by wrapping cell membrane around it
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Pinocytosis
"cellular drinking" Cell gulps droplets of fluid into tiny vesicles
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
uses receptors in a receptor-coated pit to interact with a specific protein, starting the formation of a vesicle.
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energy
capacity to perform work
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kinetic energy
energy of motion
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thermal(heat) energy
Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form.
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potential energy
stored energy
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chemical energy
Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy.
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thermodynamics
study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter
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first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
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entropy
A measure of disorder, or randomness.
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second law of thermodynamics
energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy.
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cellular respiration
chemical process where oxygen is used to convert chemical energy stored in molecules → chemical energy that the cell can use to work!
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exergonic reaction
chemical reaction that releases energy, energy released
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endergonic reaction
yields products that are rich in chemical energy, energy required
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metabolism
Total of an organism's chemical reactions.
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metabolic pathway
A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.
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energy coupling
use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.
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ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy source for cells.
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phosphorylation
The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by this transfer.
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3 main types of cellular work
\-chemical, phosphorylation of reactants provides energy to drive endergonic synthesis
\-mechanical
\-transport, ATP drives active transport of solutes across a membrane
\-mechanical
\-transport, ATP drives active transport of solutes across a membrane
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Energy of activation
amount of energy needed to push the reactant over an energy barrier, so the reaction can begin
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Enzymes
proteins that function as biological catalyst, increasing rate of reaction
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Substrate
Specific reaction that an enzyme acts on
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Active site
Substrate goes into a region of the enzyme
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Cofactors
nonprotein helpers
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Coenzyme
Organic molecule
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Non competitive inhibitor
Binds to the enzyme somewhere else, and it's binding changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer fits the substance
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Competitive inhibitor
Reduces an enzymes productivity by blocking substrates from entering the active site