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purine
adenine and guanine are these, where adenine pairs with thymine (DNA) OR uracil (RNA) and guanine pairs with cytosine
GA
pyrimidine
cytosine, thymine, and uracil are these, where cytosine pairs with guanine, thymine pairs with adenine (DNA), and uracil pairs with adenine (RNA)
CUT
s-phase of interphase
this is when DNA replication happens in a eukaryotic cell
replication fork
y-shaped region where new DNA strands are elongating
semi-conservative
DNA replication is _______________ because the new DNA is made of an old strand and a new strand
origin of replication
eukaryotic cells have 100+ to 1000+ of these, causing cells to duplicate slower, but only one or few in prokaryotic bacterial cells
helicase
this enzyme opens the double helix “unzips the jeans”
single-strand DNA-binding proteins (SSBP)
holds strands apart, stabilizing single-stranded DNA
primase
this is a short sequence of RNA tagged to start an RNA chain from scratch, adding RNA nucleotides one at a time to make a starting point for the DNA polymerases; moves in the 5’→3’ direction as DNA polymerase can only add to the 3’ end
topoisomerase
relieves tension/overwinding by the helicase
DNA polymerase
enzymes that add nucleotides for DNA, ONLY attaches nucleotides to a preexisting 3’ end
a new DNA strand only grows from 5’→3’
they can also “proofread” and replace incorrect/damaged nucleotides
leading strand
DNA polymerase continuously synthesizes DNA towards the replication fork, DNA growing from 5’→3’
sliding clamp
holds the DNA polymerase in place
lagging strand
DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA discontinuously, moving away from the replication fork; made up of okazaki fragments
okazaki fragments
found on the lagging strand, joined together by DNA ligase
DNA ligase
joins together okazaki fragments
DNA replisome
protein assemblies that replicate DNA
gene expression
DNA directs protein synthesis by transcription and translation, with proteins being the links between genes and observable traits
telomeres
found on the end of eukaryotic chromosome DNA, used as a buffer to protect the genetic material
telomerase
creates telomeres, makes short buffer sequences when DNA polymerase cannot
mutagen
something or some factor that causes a genetic mutation
thymine dimer
kink in DNA → stalls DNA polymerase/replication → cell death
caused by UV light exposure
DNA polymerase can repair the damage if minimal
mismatch repair
one of the jobs of the DNA polymerase is to replace wrong nucleotides in a process called
nucleotide excision repair
one of the jobs of the DNA polymerase is to replace/fix damaged DNA called thymine dimers, in a process called