HIST 2112

This is for the ID section of the test

Reconstruction: 13th Amendment

abolishment of slavery

Reconstruction: 14th amendment

birthright citizenship

Reconstruction: 15th amendment

all men can vote

Reconstruction: freedmen’s bureau

Assisted tens of thousands of formerly enslaved people and impoverished whites in the Southern States and the District of Columbia in the years following the war. Helped freed people establish schools, purchase land, locate families, and legalize marriages.

Reconstruction: Radical

Andrew Johnson, they passed Reconstruction Act, Johnson vetoed radical republicans, set up a system of elections that would be fair, increased wages fewer hours

freed people: Sharecropping

A system where the landlord/planter allows a tenant (freed people) to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop. Freed people wanted to land more than anything else in life because no one could control them.

freed people: black codes

Restricted black people’s right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces. Literacy tests and grandfather clauses ( a man could only vote if his ancestor had been a voter before 1867) were a part of this.

westward expansion: manifest destiny

The idea was that white Americans were divinely ordained to settle the entire continent of North America. This inspired a variety of measures designed to remove or destroy the native population.

westward expansion: assimilation

The process of becoming similar to others by taking in and using their customs and culture.

Assimilationist school: take someone who isn’t American and turn them into one, govt. Attempted to destroy native culture and replace with American culture, sent kids to boarding schools (Carlisle School) where their culture would be broken down.

westward expansion: Eradication

Wanted to kill all Indians. “Only good Indian is a dead Indian.”

Sand Creek Massacre (1864): The Colorado massacre caused many women and children to die

Fetterman Massacre (1866): in Montana

Little Big Horn (1876): Everyone was wipe out, lone survivor was a horse named Comanche

westward expansion: homestead act

Provided 160 (sections) acres of federal land to anyone who agreed to farm the land. Real estate people pretended they were farmers and then came in and flipped it and jacked up the price.

westward expansion: Dawes Act

The federal government divided Native American reservations into smaller pieces and gave the land to Individual Native Americans 160 acres went to 80 acres. The govt wanted Native Americans to own land, become farmers, and blend into white American society. They were given land that was placed on bad soil.

westward expansion: Ghost Dance

The rumor circulated that if native people performed this ritual, they could undo history and drive away European settlers.

Industrialization/Labor: Company towns

All stores and housing are owned by the one company that is also the main employer.

Industrialization/Labor: Ludlow Strike

The Colorado National Guard attacked a colony of striking miners, which resulted in the deaths of dozens of men, women, and children. They wanted better working conditions.

Industrialization/Labor: Pullman Strike

Widespread railroad strikes and boycotts severely disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest. The federal government’s response to the unrest marked the first time that an injunction (court order requiring a person to do or cease doing specific action)was used to break a strike.

Industrialization/Labor: Child labor/breaker boys

Kids were working in coal mines (the most dangerous jobs in America); kids died from working in these conditions due to inhaling coal, causing them to get black lungs, and little girls worked in the factories.

A coal-mining worker in the United States and United Kingdom whose job was to separate impurities from coal by hand in a coal breaker

Industrialization/Labor: unions

An organization formed by workers who join together and use their strength to have voice in their workplace

Industrialization/Labor: Knights of Labor

Led by Terrance Powderly, Union was open to women, African Americans (segregated), and business people; Chinese immigrants were banned, campaigned for eight-hour workdays, and aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries they worked.

Industrialization/Labor: American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Still around today

led by a cigar maker, Sam Gompers

more moderate than conservative: didn’t allow black people to be members and unskilled workers

more willing to negotiate rather than go on strike

didn’t want to be associated with the Knights of Labor

Industrialization/Labor: Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Very radical

aka Wobblies

very militant

led by Big Bill Haywood- very aggressive

anti-capitalist

lots of attention from the authorities

they were atheists- thought religion was a method of control

Industrialization/Labor: United Mine Workers of American (UMW or UMWA)

Mine workers were paid in scrip- coupon used to buy clothes from a store owned by your employer

intense radical critics of the emerging industrial system

Industrialization/Labor: New South

The civil war was lost, it is over, halcyon (happiness, great success, and prosperity) days on the plantation are done, let it go

future is the industry- the modern business world- investment, building businesses it, and accepting it

Henry W. Grady coined the phrase “New South”

urged the South to abandon its longstanding agrarian economy for a modern economy grounded in factories, mines, and mills

Industrialization/Labor: Monopolies

a market structure that consists of only one seller or producer

they don’t like bankers or railroads

railroads were the only way to get crops to the market- monopolies would charge you whatever they wanted, which would be expensive

extortion and bribery

gold is a symbol of everything bad- corrupted evil

immigration: Ellis Island

Most immigrants to the East Coast come through Ellis Island in New York. U.s. immigrant examination station.

immigration: Tenement Housing

Multi-occupancy residential rental building. Crowded, run-down building with low-quality living conditions. They had major sanitation issues.

immigration: Political machines

A party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group commands enough votes to maintain the political and administrative of a city, county, or state.

two political parties

join a political party because you agree with their ideals

political machine is associated with a party, but ideals don’t matter

they existed to make the members a lot of money

Immigration: Nativism

The practice of supporting the wants and needs of residents of a given area over the interests of immigrants. Refers to social, political, or economic exclusion of immigrants in order to promote the rights of native people

immigration: Melting Pot

To be American is to be from somewhere else. People blend together as one