Anatomy and Physiology review

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Anatomy or

Morphology

Physiology is the function of body parts where as anatomy is

the study of our body

Differentiation

the process by which a cell becomes specialized in order to perform specific functions. They do this by activating and de activating genes.

Metabolism

All physical and chemical changes occurring in an organism: requires ENERGY

What are the main requirements of life

Oxygen, Nutrients, temperature and atmospheric pressure: necessary for breathing

What does homestasis mean?

It means maintaining the internal environment even though the outside is changing. Like if you are running , you sweat. It tries to counter act the changes.

What does pyrexia mean

fever

Hyponatremia

It means having low salt levels in your blood, which is caused by excessively drinking water.

What is a treatment for hyponatremia?

What does prone mean?

It means lying face down with your tummy

What does supine mean?

It means face up, laying down with your spine.

Superior

Higher

Inferior

lower

Medial

center of your body

lateral

going outwards

Proximal

attached

Distal

Free from your body

Anterior

front

posterior

back

dorsal

back side

ventral

belly side

negative feedback loop

our body tries to counter act the changes to maintain stable

positive feedback loop

our body tries to amplify the occurrence; platelets

sagital plane

cut in the middle of our body

vertical plane

cut side of the body

horizontal

cut horizontally of the body

Axial portion

head, neck, and spine

appendicular portion

arms, legs, and pelvis

VISCERA

Internal organs

Diaphragm separates the

thoracic and abdominopelvic region

Body membranes cover organs and line body cavities known as

Serous membrane

Serous fluid

between outer and inner layer

Outer layer

Parietal, forms a ‘lining’

Inner layer

Visceral, covers the surface of the organs

Pleura membrane surrounds the

lungs

pericardium membrane surrounds the

heart

Peritoneum membrane surronds

oxygen

4 Major types of tissues

connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial

Epithelial tissue

covers all body surfaces inside and out

Demodex

a mite that lives in human hair follicles, usually on your face

Functions of epithelial tissue

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, sense

Simple

single layer

stratified

multiple layers

squamous

flat

cuboidal

square

columnar

column (rectangle like)

Simple squamous

Flat and thin, single layer, secretion, filtration, and mainly diffusion, location is in the air sacks in lungs and blood capillaries

Simple cuboidal

Single layer, cube shaped cells. Functions is secretion and absorption, and it is located in the lining of kidney tubules, covering surfaces of ovaries.

Simple columnar

Single layer, long rectangular cells. Function is secretion and absorption, and it is found in the digestive track and uterus. It contains scattered goblet cells to secrete mucus, and it can have microvilli to increase the surface area.

Stratified squamous

Multiple layers, flat shaped cells. Functions in protection, and it is found lining body cavities such as the skin and mouth.

What is wrong with Rowan’s skin?

Mutations in the COL7A1 gene affect the collagen that binds the dermis to the epidermis, which then causes blister formation.

Collagen and Elastin are what type of tissue?

Connective tissue

Pseudo-stratified columnar.

It appears stratified, but it is single layered rectangular shaped cells, with nuclei at different levels. It can have cilia that sweep materials away, and goblet cells which secrete mucus. It functions in secretion and cilia aided movement, and it is located in lining air passages like the trachea, tubes of the reproductive system.

What happens if the cilia don’t work properly?

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, when the cilia don’t work properly, leading to mucus buildup and chronic infections in the lungs, sinuses, and ears, causing cough, congestion, and potential hearing loss and infertility.

how does primary ciliary dyskinesia cause infertility

causes infertility by impairing the movement of cilia and flagella, which are essential for transporting eggs and sperm

Exocrine glands

secrete substances

Endocrine glands

Secretes directly into blood stream.

skin is how much of your body weight and how long does it take to be replaced.

It accounts for 15% of your body weight, and takes 27 days to be replaced.

What does connective tissue do?

Binds structures together, and provides support, framework, and fills spaces.

What are mast cells?

They prevent clots; heparin, which is an anticoagulant which causes inflammation.

What is histamine?

It is a crucial chemical messenger which responds to allergic triggers.

What are macrophages?

They are a type of white blood cell which engulfs pathogens.

What are fibroblasts?

They produce fibers; collagen which heals wounds.

What are ligaments

connect bone to bone

what are tendons

connect muscle to bone

What are collagen fibers?

Strong and flexible but not very elastic, and they are found in ligaments and tendons.

What are elastic fibers?

Not as strong, but very elastic, and they are found in ears and vocal cords.

What is missing in Rowan’s skin?

Collagen VII (7) is missing to connect the epidermis to the dermis.

Is blood a connective tissue?

Yes

Skeletal muscles tissue

voluntary (striated)

smooth muscle tissue

in hollow organs, stomach, intestine-involuntary

cardiac muscle tissue

wall of the heart (striated) (involuntary)

What is the main glandular tissue?

Epithelial tissue

What are cartilage cells also called as?

chondrocytes

what is also known as dense connective tissue

Cartilage

Which tissues have a good supply of blood?

Connective tissue

What is cytology?

the study of our cells

What are the levels of organization?

cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

What is situs inversus?