Substances and mixtures, lessons 4,6-10

MATTER

• anything that has mass and takes up space

Particles

• small tiny groups of atoms too tiny to be seen by the human eye

PARTICLE THEORY

• All matter is made of particles

• All particles are in constant motion (Particles are always moving and never stay still, like a vibrator)

• All particles of one substance are identical (Each element have the same atoms and are identical)

• Particles behave differently when heat is added or subtracted (Heat causes particles to move quicker and vibrate more. Molecules gain energy with heat, as a result they move faster. Heat is subtracted, then the particles slow down and lose heat)

• There is always space between particles

• Particles are attracted to each other

Who discovered particle theory and when?

Democritus in 400 B.C

Postulate

• a statement

WHY PARTICLE THEORY IS IMPORANT

Pure substances and mixtures

Pure substance

• identical particles and atoms throughout

• 2 kinds, ELEMENT OR COMPOUND

Mixture

• two or more kinds of substances that are not chemically bonded

• can be separated through physical or chemical methods

• 2 kinds, homogenous and heterogeneous

Homogenous

• 2 or more substances

• the same throughout

• cannot be separated physically

• Parts of the mixture cannot be see

• Ex: Tea, Juice

Heterogeneous Mixture

• 2 or more substances

• very distinguishable

• can physically seperate the parts

• Ex: trail mix, pizza, salad

SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY

Solvent

• the part of the solution that dissolves the other components

• makes up the largest part of the solution

• the universal solvent is WATER

Solutes

• what is being disolved into the solvent

• makes up the smaller portion such as the salt

• the lesser amount

REMEMBER

Solute + Solvent = Solution

Solubility

• the ability for a solute to disolve in a solvent is called solubility

Insoluble

• if a solute does not disolve in a solvent, then the solution is called insoluble

If solute is disolved, it is soluble, if not it is insoluble

do slide 40 and on tomorrow

Qualitative

• It involves using descriptive words like texture, colour, or appearance to explain something, instead of using numbers.
  

Quantitative

• It focuses on measuring and expressing characteristics with numbers rather than things like colour or apperance like qualitative

How temperture affects the solubility of sugar

• When the temperature goes up, more sugar can dissolve in water, so at 50 °C, the sugar that didn't dissolve at 25 °C will dissolve, making the solution unsaturated.

This demostrates that solubility is directly related to temperature, which is an important concept in understanding how different substances interact in a solution.

Separating Mixtures

1. Placing rocks and rice in one cup to create a heterogeneous mixture.

   Use a straining bowl to sift through the mixture, separating the two based on their sizes.

2. Placing salt in water to create a homogenous mixture then boil the water in a pot

   then the water will slowly vaporize leaving the salt behind ,showing how the components of a homogeneous mixture can be separated through evaporation.

Positive impacts of Negative/ positive of : Paint, Radioactive waste ,sewage

1. Paint

   Exposure to paint fumes can lead to headaches, dizziness, and nausea, especially in areas with poor ventilation. To reduce risk, ensure good airflow, wear a mask, and use low-VOC paints.

   we can dispose of paint by going to paint recycling area’s like home depot or others

2. Radioactive Waste

   Proper handling and disposal of radioactive waste is crucial to prevent environmental contamination and health hazards. It is usually stored in secure oil baruleses and submurged under water for manny years