cell growth

cell cycle

a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division

How many main stages does the cell cycle have

four

What are the four main stages of the cell cycle

Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2, Mitosis

What stages make up interphase

Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2

Gap 1

Cell growth, organelle replication, and normal functions

synthesis

DNA replication

Gap 2

additional growth and normal functions

mitosis

cell division

mitosis the process

division of the cell's nucelus

cytokinesis

division of the cells cytoplasm

what do mitosis and cytokinesis produce

2 genetically identical daughter cells

Gap 0

normal functions, no preparation for division

chromosome

one long, continuous thread of DNA

How many chromosomes do humans have per body cell

46

chromatin

DNA plus proteins

what does chromatin do

helps organize and condense DNA

chromatid

one leaf of a duplicated chromosome

sister chromatids

two identical chromatids of the duplicated chromosomes

centromere

region of the chromosomes that holds the two sister chromatids together

telomeres

ends of the chromosomes that do not include genes and act to protect DNA

interphase

preparation for cell division

spindle fibers

consist of microtubules and proteins; make up the mitotic spindle

centrosomes

organizing center for the microtubules that make up the mitotic spindle

centrioles

made up of microtubules, appear to play a role in the duplication of centrosomes in animal cells

prophase

chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fivers form

metaphase

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

sister chromatids separate to opposite sides of a cell

telophase

new nuclear membranes form and chromosomes begin to uncoil; cytokinesis is also occurring

____ factors trigger ____ factors

external factors trigger internal factors

physical examples of external factors

cell-to-cell contact

chemical example of external factors

growth factors and hormones

internal factors

include several types of molecules in the cytoplasm

kinases and cyclins

most important molecules in internal factors

Apotosis

programmed cell death

what is apoptosis caused by

cell's production of self-destructive enzymes

who does apoptosis occur in

adults and the development of embryos

cancer

class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division

what happens to a single normal cell when damage occurs to genes involved in cell-cycle regulation

it is transformed into a cancer cell

how does radiation work

damages cell's DNA so the cell cant divide

what makes chemotherapy "systemic"

drug travels throughout the body