AP Psych: Unit 6

Permissive

Lax parents

• Lots of warmth

• No rules

Authoritarian parents

Tough parents

• No warmth

• Lots of rules

Authoritative parents

Middle-ground parents

• Lots of warmth

• Reasonable rules

Harry Harlow

Discovered that monkeys prefered the figure that resembled a comforting mother than the figure that fed them

Erik Erikson

Psychosocial Stages of Development

• Trust vs. Mistrust

• Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

• Initiative vs. Guilt

• Industry vs. Inferiority

• Identity vs. Role Confusion

• Intimacy vs. Isolation

• Generativity vs. Stagnation

• Integrity vs. Dispair

Zone of proximal development

The space between what a child is capable of doing unsupported and what the child cannot do even with support

• Parents can provide “scaffolding”

• Lev Vygotsky

Moral development stages

• Preconventional: avoiding punishment

• Conventional: right vs. wrong (society)

• Post conventional: internal values

Carol Gilligan

Criticized Kohlberg’s moral development theory by pointing out how he failed to account for the differences b/t girls & boys

Imprinting

Studied by Konrad Lorenz: attachment between infant animals and individuals or things seen during a critical period

Secure attatchments

• Parent present: explore

• Parent leaving: distressed

• Parent return: consoled quickly

Avoidant attachments

• Parent present: inhibited

• Parent leaving: not distressed

• Parent return: ignore

Ambivalent

• Parent present: stormy

• Parent leaving: extreme distress

• Parent return: act like they want comfort but don’t accept it

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Leading cause of development disorder

• Moderate & severe drinking of a pregnant mother

• Cognitive problems, CNS problems, fetal death

• Small skulls, mental retardation

Teratogens

A substance that interferes with normal fetal development and causes congenital disabilities

• Drugs, alcohol, chemicals etc

• Thalidomide, rubella

Thalidomide

A human teratogen that led to tons of birth defects in the 50s-60s

Piaget

Creator of sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational stages

Sensorimotor

Babies use senses

• Object permanence

• Birth - 2 years

Preoperational stage

Begin using language and understanding symbols

• Egocentrism

• Theory of mind

• 2-7

Concrete operations

Children begin to think logically

• Conservation

• Reversibility

• Mental operations

• 8-12

Formal operational

Abstract reasoning

• Metacognition

Social clocks

The cultural timeline for important social milestones of a person's life

• Unspoken pressures that individuals face to accomplish certain goals

• Having a kid, getting married, etc

Zygote

The fertilized egg, which goes through three distinct phases of gestation prior to birth

• Germinal - zygote undergoes cell division (0-2 weeks)

• Embryonic - organ formation (3-8 weeks)

• Fetal - sexual differentiation (9 weeks-birth)

Milestones

• Laughing

• Smiling at parents

• Sitting w/o support

• Walk unassisted

• First words

Rooting & sucking reflex

• A baby turns its face to where something touched it & puts the object in its mouth

• The baby sucks on an object placed in its mouth

Grasping & mono reflex

• A baby will grasp at something put in their hands/foot

• When started, a baby will fling its arms out and quickly retract them

Babinski reflex

When a baby’s foot is stroked, it’ll spread the toes

Cellular clock theory

Cells have a maximum # of divisions before they can’t divide anymore

Kubler Ross’s stages of death and grief

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.