class4

Flashcards to review key vocabulary and terms related to Energy and Metabolism in biology.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in the production of gametes.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells, each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

Cell Cycle

The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and replication.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of its life, preparing for division.

G1 phase

The first gap phase where the cell grows and prepares for DNA synthesis.

S phase

The synthesis phase where DNA is replicated.

G2 phase

The second gap phase where the cell prepares for mitosis and cytokinesis.

M phase

The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.

Transcription

The process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA.

Biochemical Processes

Chemical processes that occur within living organisms to maintain life.

Cellular Respiration

The metabolic process that breaks down glucose and other organic molecules to produce ATP.

Energy

The capacity to do work; in biological systems, it is required for metabolism and cellular processes.

Enzymes

Proteins that act as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions in biological systems.

Activation Energy

The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction.

Endergonic Reactions

Chemical reactions that require an input of energy, resulting in a positive change in Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG).

Exergonic Reactions

Chemical reactions that release energy, resulting in a negative change in Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG).

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in a living organism to maintain life.

Catabolism

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

Anabolism

The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input.

Gibbs Free Energy (G)

A thermodynamic quantity that represents the usable energy of a system.

Transition State

The state in which reactants are transformed into products, often requiring activation energy.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A molecule that carries energy within cells; known as the energy currency of the cell.

Hydrolysis of ATP

A chemical process in which ATP is broken down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The stage of cellular respiration that involves the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to produce ATP.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Direct transfer of phosphate to ADP to form ATP, occurring in specific metabolic pathways.

Redox Reactions

Chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between two substances.

Electron Carriers

Molecules that transport electrons during cellular respiration; include NADH and FADH2.

Fermentation

A metabolic process that converts sugars to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen, allowing glycolysis to continue.

Cellular Respiration Inputs

Glucose and oxygen, which are utilized in the process to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

Cellular Respiration Outputs

ATP, carbon dioxide, and water as produced from the breakdown of glucose.

Chemical Bonds

The forces holding atoms together in molecules, which store energy and are broken during metabolism.

Potential Energy

The stored energy in molecules, available to do work.

Covalent Bonds

A type of chemical bond where atoms share electrons.

Metabolic Pathways

Series of chemical reactions in a cell that lead to product formation.