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Apostasy
Giving up one's faith when threatened with persecution
Asceticism
The practice of self-discipline and self-denial to the extreme
Casuistry
the resolution of right and wrong in conduct through equivocal reasoning; stating moral responsibility in a concrete way
Collection
The process by witch nominalists grouped various unique exiting things
Confession
acknowledging and telling one's sins to a priest
Equiprobabilism
Choosing the more likely moral of two options; the theory which held that one could follow personal conscience, or freedom, as long as it was more likely to be moral than the other option
Indulgence
a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin
Jansenism
extreme asceticism, self-discipline
Kerygma
A form of preaching to non-believers
Laxism
Personal freedom is emphasized over obligation
Legalism
The ultimate consequence of nominalism, acting directly off of the law
Manichaeism
A philosophy which held that their were 2 God's 1 good and 1 evil
Manuals
Textbooks that summarized the prudent and reasonable position on issues of the day
Minimalism
This refers to doing the least possible
Nominalism
Complete individualism (immediate) and legalism (ultimate): there are no universal concepts, every existing thing is unique, the only way to transcend the uniqueness is though "collection", we simply group various unique existing things and name them "trees," etc.
Penance
voluntary self-punishment in order to atone for some wrongdoing
Penitentials
books with list of sins and corresponding penances
Probabiliorism
The theory which held that one could follow personal conscience, or freedom, only if it was more likely (probablier) to be moral than the obligation
Probabilism
the theory which held that one could follow personal conscience, or freedom, as long as it was likely (probable) to be moral
Reconciliation
the act of agreement after a quarrel, the resolution of a dispute
Rigorism
An approach to moral behavior that one was always advised to follow moral law
Summas
Books whose primary function was to summarize systematic theology
Thomism
Term that refers to the theology/philosophy of Thomas Aquinas
Tridentine
Name given to decisions from the Council of Trent
Act of man
An action done by a human (through human agency) but without freedom and/or knowledge
Actual impediment
These are associated with specific actions or moments; situational
Evaluative knowledge
knowledge of art and beauty dependent on the knower
Freedom
to have meaningful options; the agent has more than one alternative
Habitual impediments
these are aspects of an individual's personality; depend on the person
Examples of impediments
ignorance, fear, passion, external force, greed
Human act
an action performed by a human in a truly human way
Impediment
these limit and inhibit the humanity of human acts
Passion
to have Intense emotion
Speculative knowledge
intellectual knowledge that is subservient to the knower
Vice
a bad habit
Virtue
a good habit
Humans as agents
doers of acts, seen as objects, especially in scholastic theology
Humans as persons
subjects of acts, precede, ground, and transcend actions
Act of man
An action done by a human (through human agency) but without freedom and/or knowledge
Reflex knowledge
the knowledge involved in human acts, knowledge that "we know that we know"
Nonreflex knowledge
awareness not available to us as a direct object of reflection, knowledge that we don't know that we know, knowledge of our core human person
Fully human act
acts in which a human being is formed
Covenant
The quote, "I will be your God, and you will be My people," describes what, what is sin a failure to live up to
Duty
The basis for the deontological theories
Idolatry
worshipping something in place of God
Mortal sin
The sin that damages our relationship with God, more serious acts
Categorical freedom
the freedom of the human act, associated with doing. organizes and choses among categories
Transcendental freedom
the freedom associated with our personhood, our being, transcends all categories
Fundamental stance
This describes the attitude which gives one's life direction, significance, and definition.
Fundamental option
A human act in which a person is being formed
Permanence
gives actions their human importance
Personhood
Another name for the depth the humans have ,According to Karl Rainer what is it that is the condition of possibility
Responsibility
characteristic of adults with maturity
Wholeness
When all of the elements that make us up as persons work together
Obligation
A legal or moral responsibility or duty, morality is a consequence of this
Original sin
the only way to remove what was through baptism
Self sufficiency
seen as the greatest sin
Venial sin
refers to those that are small and petty in nature
Chatechesis
religious instruction
Concupiscence
Lust
Motive
the only determinant of morality
Conscience
a judgment of reason whereby the human person recognizes the moral quality of a concrete act that he is going to perform
Conscience/1
general sense of value, awe ness of personal responsibility, awe rests of universals
Conscience/2
process by which an individual seeks concrete personal values, erroneous and misinformed, seeks truth
Conscience/3
event of concrete judgement of a specific person pertaining to his own immediate action, infallible, we must follow
Conscientia
Latin word for conscience (with knowledge)
Guilt
the normal feeling that arises from the conscience when a person acts against internal values
Infallibility
immunity from error and any possibility of error when speaking church dogma
Invincible ignorance
ignorance which cannot be dispelled, someone ignorant of his own ignorance
Leb
conscience in Hebrew scripture, also means heart
Synderesis
the habit of conscience, basic sense of responsibility for human person
Syneidesis
Greek word for conscience, act of conscience, evaluate an action
Vincible ignorance
ignorance which can and should be dispelled
Civil law
the rules of a particular society developed for the common good
Divine positive law
rules made by God (Jewish ritual, sacraments)
Ecclesiastical law
Laws that govern one's life in the community of faith are what kind of laws?
Human positive law
these laws are self evident and self justifying
Natural law
demand of creation, experienced in the lives of human persons and promulgated through the light of human reason
Lus civile
civil law, regulations and customs specific to a single group or society
Lus gentium
law of the nations, laws that are common to all people
Lus naturale
natural law, a "rule of action common to man and all the animals"
Ambros
Bishop of Milan, first of Christian casuists, focused on duties of the believer (homilies)
Thomas Aquinas
(1225-1274) influenced by Aristotelian thought, author of summa theologiae, said theology is understanding, sod highest human achievement is thought, purpose of theology is understanding
Augustine
(354-430) had a negative tendency towards rigorism, manichean dualist perspective, relationship between fault and works grace and freedom of sin and virtue,
Bonaventure
Franciscan scholar, influenced by platonic thought, believed the central characteristic of people is their will, their power to decide and act
Catherine of Siena
persuaded Gregory XI to return to Rome in 1378
Clement of Alexandria
encouraged integrating pagan insights and culture into Christianity, optimistic vision of life
Clement V
first Pope of Avignon papacy
Dominic De Guzman
founder of the order of preachers
Francis of Assisi
founder of the Franciscan and the order of friars minor
Alphonsus Liguori
sought balanced and reasonable approach, prudent moderation, supported equiprobabilism
Martin Lither
posted 95 theses on oct. 31 1517, sought perfection rathe than minimums, believed in salvation through faith and not good works
Pope Martin V
election ended the western schism
St. Monica
mother of Augustine
Origen
said ethical Christians must live apart from the world
Blaise Pascal
He believed that the gap between Christianity and natural science was great. Man was not the physical center of the world, but his mind had penetrated the world's laws. he said man was merely a reed, but a thinking reed. Wrote Pensees
Tertullian
described penance in the early church
William of Ockham
leading advocate of nominalism
Fathers of the church
Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Ambrose, Augustine
Thomas aquinas 2.
significantly developed natural law, said natural law "is the rational creatures participation in the eternal law", said eternal law is "...the divine wisdom, as directing all actions and movements"
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